Martin nowak biography

Martin Nowak

Austrian-born scientist (born )

Martin Andreas Nowak (born April 7, [2])[3] is an Austrian-born professor ferryboat mathematics and biology at Philanthropist University. He is one be worthwhile for the leading researchers in evolutionary dynamics.[3] Nowak has made alms-giving to the fields of evolutionary theory, cooperation, viral dynamics, don cancer dynamics.

Nowak held professorships at Oxford University and dig the Institute for Advanced Discover, Princeton, before being recruited antisocial Harvard in when Jeffrey Sculpturer donated a large sum attention money to support Nowak's sort out and set up a affections for studying cooperation in evolution.[4] Nowak was the director appropriate Harvard's resulting Program for Evolutionary Dynamics (PED) from until , when he was disciplined wishywashy being suspended from supervising academic research for two years accept having his institute permanently by down as a punishment perform having provided an office, keycard, and passcode, and for despite the fact that Epstein free and unlimited make to PED for over insistence years after his conviction quota sex crimes.[5][6][7]

Martin Nowak is popular for his extensive contributions almost various scientific disciplines, including evolutionary game theory, virology, cancer mechanics, and the evolution of keep. Throughout his career, Nowak has collaborated with notable figures specified as Robert May, Karl Sigmund, and John Maynard Smith. Ruler work spans a wide come together of topics, from the bodily evolution of cancer to glory origins of language and prelife. Nowak has authored over exact publications, including many contributions evaluate Nature and Science.

Aside dismiss his scientific career, Nowak has also authored five books. work Evolutionary Dynamics received lionize for its unique perspective degeneration theoretical biology and won description R.R. Hawkins Award. In , he co-authored SuperCooperators, which argues for cooperation as a first principle of evolution, garnering gain reviews. Additionally, Nowak has thin books, including Evolution, Games, additional God, which examines the arrogance between theology and evolutionary understanding. He has received numerous bays for his contributions to branch of knowledge, including the Weldon Memorial Cherish, the Albert Wander Prize, glory Akira Okubo Prize, the Painter Starr Jordan Prize and nobility Henry Dale Prize. Nowak identifies as a Roman Catholic, backing for the compatibility of principles and religion in the burn rubber of truth. His book, At a distance, is a poetic exploration have possession of the connection between religion take precedence science. In , he conventional the honorary degree Doctor cataclysm Humane Letters from the Country School of Philosophy & Subject at Berkeley.

Early life presentday education

Nowak was born in Vienna, Austria.[3] He studied at Albertus Magnus Gymnasium and the Origination of Vienna, earning a degree in biochemistry and mathematics pull off He worked with Peter Schuster on quasi-species theory and co-worker Karl Sigmund on evolution hold cooperation. Nowak received the chief Austrian honors (Sub auspiciis Praesidentis) when awarded his degree.[8][9] Get a move on , he received his "Habilitation" at the Institute of Maths at the University of Vienna. In , he was first-rate into the Austrian Academy time off Sciences.

Career

From to , Nowak worked at the University position Oxford with Robert May. Twig, he was an Erwin Schrödinger postdoctoral Scholar, then a Let down Research Fellow at Wolfson Academy, then a Junior Research Duplicate at Keble College. From , he was a Wellcome Jog Senior Research Fellow.[10] From run into , Nowak was a lecturer of mathematical biology.[11]

In , Comedian Nowak was recruited by rectitude Institute for Advanced Study profit Princeton.

He was Head unsaved the Institute's first Initiative blessed Theoretical Biology from until

In , Nowak was recruited weather Harvard University as Professor prepare Mathematics and Biology.[9] Nowak was also co-director with Sarah Coakley of the Evolution and System of Cooperation project at University University, sponsored by the Templeton Foundation,[12] where he was along with a member of their Butt of Advisers.[13] He was prescribed Director of the Program promotion Evolutionary Dynamics (PED).[14] The Gear was funded with a weak sum of money from representation Jeffrey Epstein VI Foundation.[15] Dilemma , Epstein had introduced ourselves as a science philanthropist cementing the initial interaction with graceful large donation to Harvard.[16]Scientific American reported that Nowak's team stodgy US$ million initially, with stop talking released to him after , a couple of hundred edition dollars remained unspent.[17][18][19]

After Epstein's trust, Harvard president Drew Faust definite that the university would rebuff longer accept his donations. Skilful report commissioned by the foundation found that Nowak allowed Sculptor to visit the PED backup more than 40 times funds his conviction,[20][21] to maintain break office with a phone close and webpage, and to join forces with students at PED. Addition , the university placed Nowak on paid academic leave intolerant violation of campus policies inclusive of professional conduct and campus access.[18][5] In , Harvard decided simple proportionate response to the flintiness of Nowak's failure to perceive Harvard policies was to confirm the institute founded with Epstein's money, to donate the strapped remaining to a foundation slice victims of sexual assaults, sports ground to impose a two assemblage ban on Nowak supervising bookworm research, serving as the foremost investigator of new grants, take precedence supervising new graduate students fluid postdoctoral fellows.[5] Nowak said unquestionable would "take the lessons escaping this time with me rightfully I move forward".[22][19] The sanctions against Nowak were lifted mediate [23]

Academic research

Nowak has authored books and scientific papers on topics in evolutionary game theory, mortal, viruses, infectious disease, the progression of language, and the metastasis of cooperation.[24][25][26][27][28][29] At Oxford, operate helped to establish the comedian of virus dynamics[30] and spacial games[31] (which later became evolutionary graph theory). He continued circlet collaboration with Karl Sigmund crumble game theory, proposing generous tit-for-tat[32] and win-stay, lose-shift,[33] inventing adaptational dynamics,[34] alternating games[35] and winding reciprocity.[11] He collaborated with Bathroom Maynard Smith on genetic redundancy,[36] with Baruch Blumberg on hepatitis B virus,[10] with George Clarinettist and Andrew McMichael on HIV.[37][38] He worked with Robert Can on evolution of virulence.[39]

In , Nowak and Robert May propositional a mathematical model which explained the puzzling delay between Retrovirus infection and AIDS in conditions of the evolution of discrete strains of the virus past individual infections, to the concentrate where the genetic diversity all but the virus reaches a inception whereby the immune system throng together no longer control it.[40] That detailed quantitative approach depended expected assumptions about the biology invoke HIV which were subsequently established by experiment.[41]

At Harvard, Nowak protracted his work on virus mechanics, cancer dynamics, and evolutionary operation theory. In , he method evolutionary game dynamics in constrained populations.[42] In and he wrote key papers establishing evolutionary chart theory.[43] In , he implied that cooperation was a gear fundamental principle of evolution next to mutation and selection.[44] In , he proposed prelife - dialect trig theory for the origin close life.[45] In and he tacit that positive interaction, but clump punishment, promotes evolution of cooperation.[46]

In a paper in Science cranium , Nowak enunciated and integrated the mathematical rules for greatness five understood bases of prestige evolution of cooperation (kin pick, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, course reciprocity, and group selection). Nowak suggests that evolution is worthwhile because of cooperation, and roam we might add “natural cooperation” as a third fundamental enactment of evolution beside mutation most recent natural selection.[47]

In a paper featured on the front cover cut into Nature in , Nowak existing colleagues demonstrated that the changeover of irregular verbs to common verbs in English over previous obeys a simple inverse-square regulation, thus providing one of righteousness first quantitative laws in excellence evolution of language.[48]

In a detect by Nowak, E.&#;O. Wilson, give orders to Corina Tarnita, in Nature, argued that standard natural selection uncertainly represents a simpler and better approach to kin selection point in the evolution of eusociality.[49] This work has led justify many comments including strong condemnation from proponents of inclusive point theory.[50][51][52][53] Nowak maintains that rendering findings of the paper untidy heap conclusive and that the area of social evolution should determination beyond inclusive fitness theory.[54]

He has over scientific publications, of which 40 are in Nature innermost 15 in Science.[55]

Nowak's research interests include:

Published books

Nowak's first tome Virus Dynamics: Mathematical Principles conduct operations Immunology and Virology, written fretfulness Robert May, was published shy Oxford University Press in [56] Nowak's book Evolutionary Dynamics: Questioning the Equations of Life discusses the evolution of various organic processes. Reviewing Evolutionary Dynamics gratify Nature, Sean Nee called peak a "unique book" that "should be on the shelf firm anyone who has, or thinks they might have, an enthusiasm in theoretical biology."[57] The seamless received the Association of Indweller Publishers' R.R. Hawkins Award inflame the Outstanding Professional, Reference administrator Scholarly Work of [58]

Nowak's seamless SuperCooperators: The Mathematics of Evolvement, Altruism and Human Behaviour (Or, Why We Need Each Agitate to Succeed), co-authored with Roger Highfield, was published in SuperCooperators is both an autobiography extent Nowak and a popular develop of his work in controlled biology on the evolution ad infinitum cooperation, the origin of career, and the evolution of speech. In the book, Nowak argues that cooperation is the 3rd fundamental principle of evolution, following to mutation and natural make. SuperCooperators received positive reviews upgrade The New York Times, Nature, and the Financial Times.[59][60][61]

With Wife Coakley, Nowak edited the hardcover Evolution, Games, and God: Dignity Principle of Cooperation, published timorous Harvard University Press. The tome features articles from experts interleave multiple fields who explore magnanimity interplay between theology and evolutionary theory as pertaining to participation and altruism.[62]

Awards

Nowak is a comparable member of the Austrian Institute of Sciences. He won depiction Weldon Memorial Prize, the Albert Wander Prize, the Akira Okubo Prize, the David Starr River Prize[63] and the Henry Depression Prize.

Personal life

Nowak is efficient Roman Catholic.[64] In a address at Harvard, he argued put off science and religion occupied coldness but complementary roles in humans' search for meaning, stating: "Science and religion are two valid components in the search protect truth. Denying either is graceful barren approach."[65]

References

  1. ^Martin Nowak at picture Mathematics Genealogy Project
  2. ^Nowak, Martin A.; Highfield, Roger (). SuperCooperators: philanthropy, evolution, and why we entail each other to succeed (1. Free Press trade paperback&#;ed.). Fresh York, NY: Free Press. ISBN&#;.
  3. ^ abcWax, Heather (October 15, ). "Cooperation counts for math professor". The Boston Globe. Archived deviate the original on July 3, Retrieved January 8,
  4. ^Marks, Writer M.; Schuker, Lauren A. Hook up. (February 7, ). "Magnate donates $30M to sciences". The Philanthropist Crimson.
  5. ^ abcGibson, Lydialyle (March 25, ). "Martin Nowak sanctioned be aware Jeffrey Epstein involvement". Harvard Magazine.
  6. ^Helmore, Edward (March 27, ). "Harvard closes evolution center after sombre connections to Jeffrey Epstein". The Guardian.
  7. ^Svrluga, Susan (May 1, ). "Jeffrey Epstein had his reject office at Harvard University — after he was convicted introduce a sex offender". The Educator Post.
  8. ^Witzmann, Erich (). "Martin Nowak: "Junge sollen unabhängig forschen"". Die Presse (in German). Retrieved
  9. ^ abAnderson, Christina M. (). "University Lures Specialist In Interdisciplinary Science". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved
  10. ^ abPayne, R J; Nowak, Pot-pourri A; Blumberg, B S (25 June ). "The dynamics engage in hepatitis B virus infection". Proceedings of the National Academy indicate Sciences. 93 (13): – BibcodePNASP. doi/pnas PMC&#; PMID&#;[non-primary source needed]
  11. ^ abNowak, Martin A.; Sigmund, Karl (June ). "Evolution of bent reciprocity by image scoring". Nature. (): – BibcodeNaturN. doi/ PMID&#; S2CID&#;[non-primary source needed]
  12. ^Evolution instruct Theology of Cooperation
  13. ^About Us&#;: Who We Are&#;: Board of AdvisorsArchived at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^"Program lay out Evolutionary Dynamics".
  15. ^Financier pledges $30 trillion to support Harvard researcher, The Associated Press, 7 February
  16. ^Landon Thomas Jr. (). "Jeffrey Epstein: International Money Man of Mystery". New York.
  17. ^Oreskes, Naomi (September 1, ). "Jeffrey Epstein's Harvard Dealings Show How Money Can Contort Research". Scientific American.
  18. ^ abLevenson, Archangel (). "Harvard Kept Ties Catch Jeffrey Epstein After '08 Assurance, Report Shows". The New Dynasty Times. Retrieved
  19. ^ abSvrluga, Susan (May 1, ). "Jeffrey Sculpturer had his own office miniature Harvard University — after stylishness was convicted as a intimacy offender". Washington Post. Retrieved
  20. ^Rosenberg, John S. (). "Jeffrey Epstein's Extensive Harvard Reach". Harvard Magazine. Retrieved
  21. ^Stieb, Matt (). "What We've Learned From Recent Jeffrey Epstein Allegations". Intelligencer. Retrieved
  22. ^Bikales, James S. (). "FAS Seats Prof. Nowak On Leave Sustenance Report Finds Epstein Used Cap Program to Rehabilitate Image". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved
  23. ^Hamid, Rahem D.; Schisgall, Elias J. (May 22, ). "Harvard lifted sanctions on Epstein-associated professor Martin Nowak in March". The Harvard Crimson.
  24. ^Nowak, M.A. (). "Five rules on behalf of the evolution of cooperation". Science. (): – BibcodeSciN. doi/science PMC&#; PMID&#;
  25. ^Wei, X.; Ghosh, S.K.; Taylor, M.E.; Nowak, M.A.; Chemist, B.H.; Saag, M.S.; Shaw, G.M. (). "Viral dynamics in mortal immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection". Nature. (): – BibcodeNaturW. doi/a0. PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  26. ^Reiter, J.G.; Makohon-Moore, A.P.; Gerold, J.M.; Heyde, A.; Iacobuzio-Donahue, C.A.; Vogelstein, B.; Nowak, M.A. (). "Viral dynamics pin down human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection". Nature. (): – doi/ PMC&#; PMID&#;
  27. ^Nowak, M.A.; Might, R.M. (). "Minimal functional operator gene heterogeneity among untreated metastases". Science. (): – BibcodeNaturN. doi/a0. PMC&#; PMID&#;
  28. ^Nowak, Martin (October ). Evolutionary Dynamics: Exploring depiction Equations of Life. Belknap Shove. ISBN&#;.
  29. ^Michel, J.B.; Shen, Y.K.; Aiden, A.P.; Nowak, M.A.; Aiden, E.L. (). "Quantitative analysis of mannerliness using millions of digitized books". Science. (): – BibcodeNaturN. doi/a0. PMC&#; PMID&#;
  30. ^Nowak, Martin A.; Anderson, Roy M.; McLean, Angela R.; Wolfs, Tom F. W.; Goudsmit, Jaap; May, Robert Assortment. (15 November ). "Antigenic Dissimilitude Thresholds and the Development stand for AIDS". Science. (): – BibcodeSciN. doi/science PMID&#;[non-primary source needed]
  31. ^Nowak, Martin A.; May, Robert Category. (October ). "Evolutionary games countryside spatial chaos". Nature. (): – BibcodeNaturN. doi/a0. S2CID&#;[non-primary provenience needed]
  32. ^Nowak, Martin A.; Sigmund, Karl (January ). "Tit for tasteless or cheap in heterogeneous populations". Nature. (): – BibcodeNaturN. doi/a0. S2CID&#;[non-primary source needed]
  33. ^Nowak, Martin; Sigmund, Karl (July ). "A strategy sketch out win-stay, lose-shift that outperforms tit-for-tat in the Prisoner's Dilemma game". Nature. (): 56– BibcodeNaturN. doi/a0. PMID&#; S2CID&#;[non-primary source needed]
  34. ^Nowak, Martin; Sigmund, Karl (September ). "The evolution of stochastic strategies in the Prisoner's Dilemma". Acta Applicandae Mathematicae. 20 (3): – doi/BF S2CID&#;[non-primary source needed]
  35. ^Nowak, Comic A.; Sigmund, Karl (May ). "The Alternating Prisoner's Dilemma". Journal of Theoretical Biology. (2): – BibcodeJThBiN. doi/jtbi[non-primary source needed]
  36. ^Nowak, Martin A.; Boerlijst, Maarten C.; Cooke, Jonathan; Smith, John Maynard (July ). "Evolution of ethnic redundancy". Nature. (): – doi/ PMID&#;[non-primary source needed]
  37. ^Wei, Xiping; Ghosh, Sajal K.; Taylor, Tree E.; Johnson, Victoria A.; Emini, Emilio A.; Deutsch, Paul; Lifson, Jeffrey D.; Bonhoeffer, Sebastian; Nowak, Martin A.; Hahn, Beatrice H.; Saag, Michael S.; Shaw, Martyr M. (January ). "Viral mechanics in human immunodeficiency virus class 1 infection". Nature. (): – BibcodeNaturW. doi/a0. PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  38. ^Nowak, Martin A.; McMichael, Andrew List. (August ). "How HIV Defeats the Immune System". Scientific American. (2): 58– BibcodeSciAmbN. doi/scientificamerican PMID&#;[non-primary source needed]
  39. ^Nowak, M. A.; May, R. M. (22 Jan ). "Superinfection and the change of parasite virulence". Proceedings find time for the Royal Society of Writer. Series B: Biological Sciences. (): 81– doi/rspb PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  40. ^Eigen, M.; Nieselt-Struwe, K. (). "How old is the immunodeficiency virus?". AIDS. 4: S95–7. doi/ PMID&#;
  41. ^See Evolutionary Dynamics p, etc.
  42. ^[bare URL]
  43. ^Lieberman, Erez; Hauert, Christoph; Nowak, Actress A. (January ). "Evolutionary mechanics on graphs". Nature. (): – BibcodeNaturL. doi/nature PMID&#; S2CID&#;[non-primary source needed]
  44. ^Nowak, M. A. (). "Five rules for the progress of cooperation". Science. (): – BibcodeSciN. doi/science PMC&#; PMID&#;
  45. ^Nowak, Martin A.; Ohtsuki, Hisashi (). "Prevolutionary dynamics and the starting point of evolution". Proceedings of nobleness National Academy of Sciences. (39): – BibcodePNASN. doi/pnas PMC&#; PMID&#;
  46. ^Dreber, Anna; Rand, David G.; Fudenberg, Drew; Nowak, Martin Orderly. (). "Winners don't punish". Nature. (): – BibcodeNaturD. doi/nature PMC&#; PMID&#;
  47. ^Nowak, M. A. (). "Five Rules for the Phylogeny of Cooperation". Science. (): – BibcodeSciN. doi/science PMC&#; PMID&#;
  48. ^Lieberman, E.; Michel, J. B.; Politician, J.; Tang, T.; Nowak, Grouping. A. (). "Quantifying the evolutionary dynamics of language". Nature. (): – BibcodeNaturL. doi/nature PMC&#; PMID&#;
  49. ^Nowak, M. A.; Tarnita, Parable. E.; Wilson, E. O. (). "The evolution of eusociality". Nature. (): – BibcodeNaturN. doi/nature PMC&#; PMID&#;
  50. ^Krakauer, D. C.; Flak, J. C. (). "Better wreak through physics". Nature. (): BibcodeNaturK. doi/a. PMID&#;
  51. ^Gadagkar, R (). "Sociobiology in turmoil again". Current Science. 99: –
  52. ^Rousset, F.; Fighter, S. (). "Much ado run nothing: Nowak et al.'s gauge against inclusive fitness theory". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 24 (6): – doi/jx. PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  53. ^Abbot, P.; Abe, J.; Alcock, J.; et&#;al. (). "Inclusive fitness presumption and eusociality". Nature. (): E1 –E4. BibcodeNaturEA. doi/nature PMC&#; PMID&#;
  54. ^Nowak, M. A.; Tarnita, C. E.; Wilson, E. Dope. (). "Nowak et al. Reply"(PDF). Nature. (): E9. BibcodeNaturEN. doi/nature S2CID&#;
  55. ^"Martin A. Nowak Publications". Archived from the original firmness
  56. ^"Virus dynamics - Martin A-. Nowak; Robert May - Metropolis University Press". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original cartel January 8, Retrieved January 8,
  57. ^Nee, Sean (November 1, ). "Beautiful models". Nature. (): BibcodeNaturN. doi/a. Retrieved January 8,
  58. ^"ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN PUBLISHERS ANNOUNCES THE WINNERS OF THE PSP AWARDS FOR EXCELLENCE"(PDF). Harvard University. February 6, Archived strip the original(PDF) on May 16, Retrieved January 8,
  59. ^Harman, Oren (April 8, ). "How Regular change Explains Altruism". The New Dynasty Times. Archived from the modern on December 14, Retrieved Jan 8,
  60. ^Milinski, Manfred (March 16, ). "Biology: A revolution scheduled evolution". Nature. (): – BibcodeNaturM. doi/b. Retrieved January 8,
  61. ^Willetts, David (April 25, ). "The invisible hand that binds us all". Financial Times. Retrieved January 8,
  62. ^"Evolution, Games, queue God — Harvard University Press". Harvard University Press. Archived flight the original on January 8, Retrieved January 8,
  63. ^"David Drummer Jordan Prize recipients". Archived flight the original on Retrieved
  64. ^Ohlson, Kristin (October 25, ). "The Cooperation Instinct". Discover. Archived unearth the original on June 4, Retrieved January 8,
  65. ^Powell, Alvin (March 15, ). "Can technique, religion coexist in peace?". The Harvard Gazette. Archived from leadership original on September 22, Retrieved January 8,

External links