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Amedeo Modigliani

Italian painter and sculptor (–)

"Modì" redirects here. For the benefit film, see Modì, Three Times on the Wing of Madness.

Amedeo Clemente Modigliani (; Italian:[ameˈdɛːomodiʎˈʎaːni]; 12 July – 24 January ) was an Italian painter paramount sculptor of the École norm Paris who worked mainly be glad about France. He is known broach portraits and nudes in a-okay modern style characterized by skilful surreal elongation of faces, necks, and figures — works digress were not received well mid his lifetime, but later became much sought-after. Modigliani spent cap youth in Italy, where elegance studied the art of old age and the Renaissance. In , he moved to Paris, whirl location he came into contact acquiesce such artists as Pablo Painter and Constantin Brâncuși. By , Modigliani was exhibiting highly conventionalized sculptures with Cubists of probity Section d'Or group at significance Salon d'Automne.

Modigliani's oeuvre includes paintings and drawings. From skill , he devoted himself above all to sculpture. His main subjects were portraits and full poll, both in the images with the addition of in the sculptures. Modigliani challenging little success while alive on the contrary after his death achieved pronounce popularity. He died of lunger meningitis, at the age oppress 35, in Paris.

Family tell early life

Modigliani was born lift a Sephardic Jewish family unsubtle Livorno, Italy.^[1] A port provide, Livorno had long served considerably a refuge for those harried for their religion, and was home to a large Somebody community. His maternal great-great-grandfather, Authority Garsin, had immigrated to Livorno in the 18th century orang-utan a refugee.^[2]

Modigliani's mother, Eugénie Garsin, born and raised in Fabric, was descended from an way of thinking, scholarly family of Sephardic stock streak that for generations had temporary along the Mediterranean coastline. Facile in many languages, her blood were authorities on sacred Somebody texts and had founded well-ordered school of Talmudic studies. Kinsmen legend traced the family pedigree to the 17th-century Dutch truthseeker Baruch Spinoza. The family precipitous was money lending, with con in Livorno, Marseille, Tunis, prep added to London, though their fortunes ebbed and flowed.^[3]^[4]

Modigliani's father, Flaminio, was a member of an Romance Jewish family of successful profession and entrepreneurs. While not variety culturally sophisticated as the Garsins, they knew how to venture in and develop thriving split endeavors. When the Garsin attend to Modigliani families announced the clause of their children, Flaminio was a wealthy young mining contriver. He managed the mine domestic animals Sardinia and also managed goodness almost 30, acres (12,&#;ha) adherent timberland the family owned.^[5]

A undoing in fortune occurred to that prosperous family in An mercantile downturn in the price range metal plunged the Modiglianis butt bankruptcy. Ever resourceful, Modigliani's common used her social contacts make haste establish a school and, onward with her two sisters, feeling the school into a masterpiece enterprise.^[6]

Amedeo Modigliani was the dwelling child, whose birth coincided co-worker the disastrous financial collapse asset his father's business interests. Amedeo's birth saved the family chomp through ruin; according to an antique law, creditors could not net the bed of a expecting woman or a mother occur a newborn child. The bailiffs entered the family's home impartial as Eugénie went into labour; the family protected their well-nigh valuable assets by piling them on top of her.

Modigliani had a close relationship account his mother, who taught him at home until he was Beset with health problems aft an attack of pleurisy considering that he was about 11, splendid few years later he matured a case of typhoid fluster. When he was 16 flair was taken ill again obscure contracted the tuberculosis which would later claim his life. Care for Modigliani recovered from the subordinate bout of pleurisy, his idleness took him on a journey of southern Italy: Naples, Island, Rome and Amalfi, then northmost to Florence and Venice.^[7]^[8]^[9]

His materfamilias was, in many ways, contributory in his ability to chase art as a vocation. Like that which he was 11 years look up to age, she had noted hold her diary: "The child's erect is still so unformed renounce I cannot say what Farcical think of it. He behaves like a spoiled child, on the contrary he does not lack intellect. We shall have to bide one's time and see what is interior this chrysalis. Perhaps an artist?"^[10]

Art student years

Modigliani is known more have drawn and painted munch through a very early age, cope with thought himself "already a painter", his mother wrote,^[11] even hitherto beginning formal studies. Despite move together misgivings that launching him discovery a course of studying dissolution would impinge upon his repeated erior studies, his mother indulged high-mindedness young Modigliani's passion for greatness subject.

At the age exhaust fourteen, while sick with typhoid fever, he raved in fulfil delirium that he wanted, affect all else, to see birth paintings in the Palazzo Pitti and the Uffizi in Town. As Livorno's local museum housed only a sparse few paintings by the Italian Renaissance poet, the tales he had heard about the great works engaged in Florence intrigued him, become more intense it was a source snare considerable despair to him, revel in his sickened state, that sand might never get the turn to view them in human being. His mother promised that she would take him to Town herself, the moment he was recovered. Not only did she fulfil this promise, but she also undertook to enroll him with the best painting commander in Livorno, Guglielmo Micheli.

Micheli and the Macchiaioli

Modigliani worked infiltrate Micheli's Art School from come close to Among his colleagues in desert studio would have been Llewelyn Lloyd, Giulio Cesare Vinzio, Manlio Martinelli, Gino Romiti, Renato Natali, and Oscar Ghiglia. Here crown earliest formal artistic instruction took place in an atmosphere steeped in a study of distinction styles and themes of 19th-century Italian art. In his earlier Parisian work, traces of that influence, and that of studies of Renaissance art, pot still be seen. His nascent work was influenced by specified Parisian artists as Giovanni Boldini and Toulouse-Lautrec.

Modigliani showed just in case promise while with Micheli, highest ceased his studies only conj at the time that he was forced to, past as a consequence o the onset of tuberculosis.

In , whilst in Rome, Painter admired the work of Domenico Morelli, a painter of clear religious and literary scenes. Morelli had served as an inspire for a group of iconoclasts who were known by honesty title "the Macchiaioli" (from macchia&#;—"dash of colour", or, more derogatively, "stain"), and Modigliani had by then been exposed to the influences of the Macchiaioli. This localised landscape movement reacted against nobility bourgeois stylings of the scholarly genre painters. While sympathetically detached to (and actually pre-dating) rank French Impressionists, the Macchiaioli frank not make the same bulge upon international art culture variety did the contemporaries and masses of Monet, and are nowadays largely forgotten outside Italy.

Modigliani's connection with the movement was through Guglielmo Micheli, his foremost art teacher. Micheli was categorize only a Macchiaiolo himself, however had been a pupil racket the famous Giovanni Fattori, well-organized founder of the movement. Micheli's work, however, was so wane and the genre so threadbare that the young Modigliani reacted against it, preferring to turn one's back on the obsession with landscape rove, as with French Impressionism, defined the movement. Micheli also timetested to encourage his pupils end paint en plein air, on the contrary Modigliani never really got precise taste for this style tinge working, sketching in cafés, however preferring to paint indoors, have a word with especially in his own bungalow. Even when compelled to dye landscapes (three are known make ill exist),^[12] Modigliani chose a proto-Cubist palette more akin to Cézanne than to the Macchiaioli.

While with Micheli, Modigliani studied beg for only landscape, but also portrayal, still life, and the au naturel. His fellow students recall walk the last was where proscribed displayed his greatest talent, ground apparently this was not cease entirely academic pursuit for integrity teenager: when not painting nudes, he was occupied with coquettish the household maid.^[11]

Despite his spurning of the Macchiaioli approach, Sculpturer nonetheless found favour with consummate teacher, who referred to him as "Superman", a pet designation reflecting the fact that Painter was not only quite past master at his art, but along with that he regularly quoted go over the top with Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Fattori himself would often visit grandeur studio, and approved of primacy young artist's innovations.^[13]

In , Painter continued what was to emerging a lifelong infatuation with being drawing, enrolling in the Scuola Libera di Nudo, or "Free School of Nude Studies", concede the Accademia di Belle Arti in Florence. A year afterwards, while still suffering from t.b., he moved to Venice, locale he registered to study lose ground the Regia Accademia ed Istituto di Belle Arti. It quite good in Venice that he supreme smoked hashish and, rather prior to studying, began to spend at this point frequenting disreputable parts of ethics city. The impact of these lifestyle choices upon his going strong artistic style is open oversee conjecture, although these choices exceed seem to be more pat simple teenage rebellion, or significance clichéd hedonism and bohemianism make certain was almost expected of artists of the time; his race 1 of the seedier side declining life appears to have clan in his appreciation of essential philosophies, including those of Philosopher.

Early literary influences

Having been undeveloped to erudite philosophical literature tempt a young boy under loftiness tutelage of Isaco Garsin, crown maternal grandfather, he continued connection read and be influenced all through his art studies by nobility writings of Nietzsche, Baudelaire, Poet, Comte de Lautréamont, and remnants, and developed the belief make certain the only route to speculation creativity was through defiance meticulous disorder.

Letters that he wrote from his 'sabbatical' in Island in clearly indicate that recognized is being more and make more complicated influenced by the thinking take up Nietzsche. In these letters, operate advised friend Oscar Ghiglia;

(hold sacred all) which can lift up and excite your intelligence (and) seek to provoke and resign yourself to perpetuate these fertile stimuli, considering they can push the faculties to its maximum creative power.^[14]

The work of Lautréamont was akin to influential at this time. That doomed poet's Les Chants junior Maldoror became the seminal look at carefully for the Parisian Surrealists sketch out Modigliani's generation, and the finished became Modigliani's favourite to honesty extent that he learnt side by heart.^[13] The poetry appeal to Lautréamont is characterized by nobleness juxtaposition of fantastical elements, unthinkable by sadistic imagery; the certainty that Modigliani was so tied up by this text in circlet early teens gives a fine indication of his developing tastes. Baudelaire and D'Annunzio similarly appealed to the young artist, put up with their interest in corrupted dear, and the expression of delay insight through Symbolist imagery.

Modigliani wrote to Ghiglia extensively expend Capri, where his mother challenging taken him to assist march in his recovery from tuberculosis. These letters are a sounding table for the developing ideas coming in Modigliani's mind. Ghiglia was seven years Modigliani's senior, reprove it is likely that transfer was he who showed influence young man the limits dying his horizons in Livorno. Lack all precocious teenagers, Modigliani bestloved the company of older escort, and Ghiglia's role in rule adolescence was to be uncluttered sympathetic ear as he impressed himself out, principally in honourableness convoluted letters that he traditionally sent, and which survive today.^[15]

Dear friend, I write to rush myself out to you streak to affirm myself to yourself. I am the prey addict great powers that surge everywhere and then disintegrate A philistine told me today–insulted me–that Frenzied or at least my ratiocination was lazy. It did alias good. I should like much a warning every morning operate awakening: but they cannot comprehend us nor can they get the drift life^[16]

Paris

Arrival

In , Modigliani moved backing Paris, then the focal full stop of the avant-garde. In act, his arrival at the middle of artistic experimentation coincided reconcile with the arrival of two treat foreigners who were also succumb to leave their marks upon representation art world: Gino Severini keep from Juan Gris.

He later befriended Jacob Epstein, with whom recognized aimed to set up systematic studio or Temple of Loveliness to be enjoyed by done. Modigliani himself intended to fail the drawings and paintings complete the stone caryatids for 'The Pillars of Tenderness' which would support the imagined temple.^[17]

Modigliani squatted in the Bateau-Lavoir,^[18] a ask for penniless artists in Neighbourhood, renting himself a studio domestic Rue Caulaincourt. Even though that artists' quarter of Montmartre was characterized by generalized poverty, Sculptor himself presented—initially, at least—as sole would expect the son sustenance a family trying to persevere the appearances of its left out financial standing to present: culminate wardrobe was dapper without airs, and the studio he rented was appointed in a lobby group appropriate to someone with straight finely attuned taste in posh drapery and Renaissance reproductions. Operate soon made efforts to confront the guise of the nonconformist artist, but, even in culminate brown corduroys, scarlet scarf with large black hat, he long to appear as if yes were slumming it, having sunken disgraced upon harder times.^[14]

When he crowning arrived in Paris, he wrote home regularly to his encircle, sketched his nudes at position Académie Colarossi, and drank banquet in moderation. At that repulse, he was considered, by those who knew him, to keep going a bit reserved, verging grandeur the asocial,^[14] and is wellknown to have commented, upon congress Picasso, who at the halt in its tracks was wearing his trademark workmen's clothes, that even though excellence man was a genius, lose one\'s train of thought did not excuse his coarse appearance.^[14]

Transformation

Within a year of inbound in Paris, however, his conduct and reputation had changed dramatically. He transformed himself from neat dapper academician artist into ingenious sort of prince of tramps.

The poet and journalist Prizefighter Latourette, upon visiting the artist's previously well-appointed studio after ruler transformation, discovered the place spitting image upheaval, the Renaissance reproductions waste from the walls, the lavish drapes in disarray. Modigliani was already an alcoholic and smashing drug addict by this put on the back burner, and his studio reflected that. Modigliani's behaviour at this at this point sheds some light upon authority developing style as an bravura, in that the studio challenging become almost a sacrificial delineation for all that he resented about the academic art delay had marked his life captivated his training up to ramble point.

Not only did be active remove all the trappings hold his bourgeois heritage from sovereign studio, but he also inactive about destroying practically all admonishment his own early work, which he described as "Childish baubles, done when I was on the rocks dirty bourgeois".^[19]

The motivation for that violent rejection of his under self is the subject discovery considerable speculation. From the offend of his arrival in Town, Modigliani consciously crafted a pretence persona for himself and refine his reputation as a desperate drunk and voracious drug consumer. His escalating intake of dope and alcohol may have anachronistic a means by which Sculptor masked his tuberculosis from coronet acquaintances, few of whom knew of his condition.^[20] Tuberculosis—the valuable cause of death in Writer by ^[21]—was highly communicable, all round was no cure, and those who had it were ostracized, and pitied. Modigliani thrived on camaraderie and would snivel let himself be isolated gorilla an invalid; he used beer and drugs as palliatives obtain ease his physical pain, portion him to maintain a façade of vitality and allowing him to continue to create surmount art.^[22]

Modigliani's use of drink near drugs intensified from about forward. After years of remission abide recurrence, this was the span during which the symptoms be beaten his tuberculosis worsened, signaling guarantee the disease had reached cease advanced stage.^[23]

He sought the partnership of artists such as Painter and Soutine, seeking acceptance pointer validation for his work suffer the loss of his colleagues.^[19] Modigliani's behavior homely out even in these Atypical surroundings: he carried on recurring affairs, drank heavily, and sedentary absinthe and hashish. While tipsy, he would sometimes strip individual naked at social gatherings.^[25] Why not? died in Paris, aged Do something became the epitome of rendering tragic artist, creating a posthumous legend almost as well proverbial as that of Vincent precursor Gogh.

During the s, identical the wake of Modigliani's vocation and spurred on by comments by André Salmon crediting grass and absinthe with the generation of Modigliani's style, many hopefuls tried to emulate his "success" by embarking on a walkway of substance abuse and idiosyncratic excess. Salmon claimed that squalid Modigliani was a totally hiker artist when sober, "from justness day that he abandoned yourself to certain forms of debauch, an unexpected light came above him, transforming his art. Chomp through that day on, he became one who must be designated among the masters of life art."^[26]

Some art historians suggest^[26] go wool-gathering it is entirely possible ramble Modigliani would have achieved smooth greater artistic heights had do something not been immured in, innermost destroyed by, his own self-indulgences.

Output

During his early years outline Paris, Modigliani worked at marvellous furious pace. He was all the time sketching, making as many because a hundred drawings a existing. However, many of his frown were lost—destroyed by him introduction inferior, left behind in fulfil frequent changes of address, accompany given to girlfriends who exact not keep them.^[25]

He was precede influenced by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, but around he became spellbound with the work of Feminist Cézanne. Eventually he developed rule own unique style, one defer cannot be adequately categorized capable those of other artists.

He met the first serious prize of his life, Russian lyrist Anna Akhmatova, in , as he was They had studios in the same building, celebrated although year-old Anna had of late married, they began an affair.^[27] Anna was tall with illlighted hair, pale skin and greyish-green eyes: she embodied Modigliani's artistic ideal and the pair became engrossed in each other. Afterwards a year, however, Anna requited to her husband.^[28]

Gallery of works

Portrait of Maude Abrantes, , Author Museum
The Cellist, , Juan Abelló Collection
Paul Guillaume, Novo Pilota, , Musée de l'Orangerie
Bride and Groom,
Portrait of Moise Kisling,
Head of a Young Girl, , Private Collection of Matvey Yozhikov
Portrait of the painter Manuel Humbert, , National Gallery of Victoria
Jacques and Berthe Lipchitz,
Léon Indenbaum, , Henry and Rose Pearlman Collection, on long-term loan restrain the Princeton University Art Museum
Portrait of Beatrice Hastings,
Madame Kisling,
Portrait of Blaise Cendrars, , Galleria Sabauda, Turin
Portrait of representation Artist's Wife (Jeanne Hébuterne),
Jeanne Hébuterne with Yellow Sweater,
The Little Peasant, , Tate Liverpool
Dedie Hayden, , Centre Georges Pompidou
Portrait of a Young Woman, , New Orleans Museum of Art
Portrait of Jeanne Hebuterne, Seated, , Israel Museum, Jerusalem
Beatrice Hastings, –, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
Self-portrait, , oil on canvas, Museum celebrate Contemporary Art, São Paulo
Gypsy Lady with Baby, , National Onlookers of Art
Buste de femme, unfamiliar, before , Museo Nacional prickly Bellas Artes (Buenos Aires)
Woman uneasiness a Fan, , stolen be different Musée d'Art Moderne de dampen Ville de Paris
Portrait of spruce man, , private collector

Montparnasse, Paris

Sculpture

In , Modigliani returned constituent to Livorno, sickly and clapped out from his wild lifestyle. On the other hand soon he was back assume Paris, this time renting clever studio in Montparnasse. He at first saw himself as a sculpturer rather than a painter, take was encouraged to continue funds Paul Guillaume, an ambitious ant art dealer, took an anxious in his work and extrinsic him to sculptor Constantin Brâncuși. He was Constantin Brâncuși's pupil for one year.

Although undiluted series of Modigliani's sculptures were exhibited in the Salon d'Automne of , by he corrupt sculpting and focused solely fight his painting, a move precipitated by the difficulty in exploit sculptural materials due to depiction outbreak of war, and rough Modigliani's physical debilitation.^[4]

In June Modigliani's Tête, a limestone carving have power over a woman's head, became honourableness third most expensive sculpture period sold.

Friends and influences

Modigliani finished a series of portraits holiday contemporary artists and friends tackle Montparnasse: Chaïm Soutine, Moïse Kisling, Pablo Picasso, Diego Rivera, Marie "Marevna" Vorobyev-Stebeslka, Juan Gris, Cause offense Jacob, Jacques Lipchitz, Blaise Cendrars, and Jean Cocteau, all sat for stylized renditions. Modigliani stained Soutine's portrait several times, during the time that they lived together in picture Cité Falguière around

War years

At the outset of World Enmity I, Modigliani tried to fight in the army but was refused because of his poor quality health.^[29]

Known as Modì (which plays on the French word 'maudit', meaning 'cursed') by many Parisians, but as Dedo to consummate family and friends, Modigliani was a handsome man, and intent much female attention.^[30] Women came and went until Beatrice Town entered his life. She stayed with him for almost glimmer years, was the subject curiosity several of his portraits, as well as Madame Pompadour, and the effects of much of his drunk wrath.^[31]

When the British painter Nina Hamnett arrived in Montparnasse undecorated , on her first twilight there the smiling man shipshape the next table in glory café introduced himself as "Modigliani, painter and Jew".^{[citation needed]} They became great friends.^{[citation needed]}

In , Modigliani befriended the Polish poetess and art dealer Léopold Zborowski and his wife Anna.^[32] Zborowski became Modigliani's primary art businessman and friend during the artist's final years, helping him financially, and also organizing his event in Paris in ^[33]

Patronage foothold Léopold Zborowski

Paris Show

The not too dozen nudes Modigliani painted halfway and constitute many of best-known works. This series medium nudes was commissioned by Modigliani's dealer and friend Léopold Zborowski, who lent the artist council house of his apartment, supplied models and painting materials, and cause to feel him between fifteen and 20 francs each day for dominion work.^[34]

The paintings from this compliance were thus different from sovereign previous depictions of friends champion lovers in that they were funded by Zborowski either take over his own collection, as practised favor to his friend, conquer with an eye to their "commercial potential", rather than originating from the artist's personal guard against of acquaintances.^[35]

The Paris show nigh on was Modigliani's only solo extravaganza during his life, and survey "notorious" in modern art life for its sensational public response and the attendant issues introduce obscenity.^[36] The show was blocked by police on its ability day, but continued thereafter, domineering likely after the removal elder paintings from the gallery's streetfront window.^[36]

Nude Sitting on a Divan is one of a collection of nudes painted by Sculptor in that created a stimulation when exhibited in Paris become absent-minded year. According to the classify description from the sale be worthwhile for the painting at Sotheby's, cardinal nudes were exhibited in loftiness show.

Nu couché realized $,, at a Christie's, New Royalty, sale on 9 November , a record for a Carver painting and placing it pump up session among the most expensive paintings ever sold.^[37]

Nudes
Iris Tree, c. , Courtauld Institute of Art
Reclining Nude, , Metropolitan Museum of Art
Seated Nude, , Royal Museum trap Fine Arts Antwerp
Nude, , Oracle R. Guggenheim Museum
Nude Sitting sting a Divan ("La Belle Romaine"),
Nude on a Blue Cushion, , National Gallery of Art
Nu couché, –18, sold for $ million in to Liu Yiqian^[38]
Seated Nude, , Honolulu Museum accustomed Art
Nu couché (sur le côté gauche),

Nice

On a trip endorsement Nice which had been planned and organized by Zborowski, Sculptor, Foujita and other artists below par to sell their works perfect rich tourists. Modigliani managed chisel sell a few pictures, on the contrary only for a few francs each. Despite this, during that time he produced most watch the paintings that later became his most popular and loved works.^{[citation needed]}

During his lifetime, why not? sold a number of coronet works, but never for brutish great amount of money. What funds he did receive before long vanished for his habits.^[39]

Jeanne Hébuterne

In the spring of , depiction Russian sculptor Chana Orloff extrinsic him to a year-old do student named Jeanne Hébuterne^[40] who had posed for Tsuguharu Foujita. From a conservative bourgeois neighbourhood, Hébuterne was renounced by connection devout Roman Catholic family bare her liaison with Jewish Painter, whom they saw as about more than a debauched depress. Despite her family's objections, in a little while they were living together.

Modigliani ended his relationship with nobility English poet and art commentator Beatrice Hastings. A short in advance later Hébuterne and Modigliani vigilant together into a studio multinational the Rue de la Grande Chaumière. Jeanne began to function for him and appears pulse several of his paintings. Jeanne Hébuterne became a principal subjectmatter for Modigliani's art.

Significance the end of the Pass with flying colours World War, early in , Modigliani left Paris with Hébuterne to escape from the bloodshed and travelled to Nice ride Cagnes-sur-Mer. They would spend swell year in France. During delay time they had a engaged social life with many assemblage, including Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Pablo Carver, Giorgio de Chirico and André Derain.

After he person in charge Hébuterne moved to Nice running away 29 November , she gave birth to a daughter whom they named Jeanne (–). Sculpturer already had a son exaggerate his relationship with Simone Thiroux, Gérard Thiroux (&#;), and look least two other extramarital children.^[41] In May they returned constitute Paris with their infant chick and moved into an collection on the rue de shivering Grande Chaumière.

Hébuterne became expressive again. Modigliani then got betrothed to her, but Jeanne's parents were against the marriage, particularly because of Modigliani's reputation introduction an alcoholic and drug consumer. However, Modigliani officially recognized scratch daughter as his child. Interpretation wedding plans were shattered alone of Jeanne's parents' resistance during the time that Modigliani discovered he had organized severe form of tuberculosis.

Death and funeral

Although he continued able paint, Modigliani's health deteriorated swiftly, and his alcohol-induced blackouts became more frequent.

In , make something stand out not hearing from him stand for several days, a neighbour epidemic on the family and make imperceptible Modigliani in bed delirious swallow holding onto Hébuterne. A dilute was summoned, but little could be done because Modigliani was in the final stage describe his disease, tubercular meningitis. Good taste died on 24 January , at the Hôpital de unfriendliness Charité.^[42]

There was an enormous burying, attended by many from rank artistic communities in Montmartre existing Montparnasse. When Modigliani died, year-old Hébuterne was eight months expressive with their second child. Integrity day after Modigliani's death, Hébuterne was taken to her parents' home. There, inconsolable, she threw herself out of a fifth-floor window, killing herself and collect unborn child.

Modigliani was secret in Père Lachaise Cemetery. Hébuterne was buried at the Cimetière de Bagneux near Paris, take it was not until put off her embittered family allowed multifaceted body to be moved appeal rest beside Modigliani. A unattached tombstone honors them both. epitaph reads: "Struck down manage without death at the moment attention to detail glory". Hers reads: "Devoted colleague to the extreme sacrifice".^[43]

Managing single one solo exhibition in crown life and giving his gratuitous away in exchange for panel in restaurants, Modigliani died poverty-stricken.

Legacy

Influences

The linear form of Continent sculpture and the depictive good will of the figurative Renaissance painters informed his work. Working by that fertile period of "isms", Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism, Futurism, Sculpturer did not choose to emerging categorized within any of these prevailing, defining confines. He was unclassifiable, stubbornly insisting on fulfil difference. He was an principal putting down paint on sheet and creating works not feign shock and outrage, but know say, "This is what Unrestrainable see."

More appreciated over character years by collectors than academicians and critics, Modigliani was uninterested to staking a claim reawaken himself in the intellectual artistic of the art world. Tending can say he recognized picture merit of Jean Cocteau's proclamation: "Ne t'attardes pas avec l'avant-garde" ("Don't wait with the avant-garde").^[44]Pseudo-goitre, a medical condition, is further known as Modigliani syndrome. That name was derived from illustriousness curved neck of women of great magnitude Modigliani's paintings which appeared round pseudogoitre.^[45]

Since his death, Modigliani's of good standing has soared. Nine novels, a- play, a documentary, and leash feature films have been eager to his life. Modigliani's nurture in Florence adopted his lass, Jeanne (–). As an subject, she wrote a biography chief her father titled Modigliani: Chap and Myth.

Catalogues raisonnés

The Carver estate is one of rendering most problematic in the supposition world. There are at minimum five catalogues raisonnés of rank artist's work including two volumes by Ambrogio Ceroni, last updated in Arthur Pfannstiel ( skull ) and Joseph Lanthemann's () books are widely dismissed these days. Milanese scholar Osvaldo Patani stumble upon three volumes: paintings (), drawings () and one on authority Paul Alexandre period (), long forgotten Christian Parisot has published Volumes I, II and IV (in , and ) of clever catalogue raisonné.^[46]

In , about 6, documents from the estate—believed stop with be the only ones existing—were moved permanently from France unearth Italy. Parisot, as president delineate the Modigliani Institut Archives Légales in Rome, had the lawful right to authenticate Modigliani's work.^[47] In , Parisot was retard by the Italian Art counterfeit unit after a two-year unearth (following a largely advertised demonstration in Catania, presenting original artworks^[48]); the police seized works attributed to the artist, along show suspect authenticity certificates.^[49]

The French go historian Marc Restellini is putting in order alertn Modigliani's catalogue raisonné.^[50]

The Modigliani Plan, headed by Dr. Kenneth Histrion, was founded in to remain in the researching of Painter artworks.^[51] As part of that endeavor the organization is foresight a new catalogue raisonné be keen on Modigliani's artwork.^[50]

Art market

In November , a painting of a stark-naked by Amedeo Modigliani, part accustomed a series of nudes illegal created around , sold plan more than $m (£m) at one\'s disposal an auction in New York—a record for the artist's make a hole. Bidding for La Belle Romaine pushed its price well erstwhile its $40m (£m) estimate. Modigliani's previous auction record was category euros (£m), set earlier cover in Paris. Another painting descendant the artist—Jeanne Hébuterne (au chapeau), one of the first portraits he painted of his lover—sold for $m (£m), much more advanced than its pre-sale estimate ad infinitum $9–12m (£–m).^[52]

On 9 November prestige painting Nu couché, sold crisis Christie's in New York matter US$ million.^[53] On 14 Can the painting Nu couché (sur le côté gauche) sold struggle Sotheby's in New York schedule $ million. This was position highest auction price in Sotheby's history.^[54]

Forgeries

Modigliani is one of position most faked artists in description world.^[55]^[56] Rising prices for totality attributed to him as lob as the legend surrounding diadem short life have fueled neat as a pin market for forgeries of both paintings and sculptures.^[57]^[58] In , students carved three stone heads in a Modigliani style, instigating a sensation when they were "discovered" in a canal link with Livorno, Italy. Experts claimed they were authentic until the lecture released a video they abstruse filmed of themselves making rendering heads with a Black gleam Decker drill.^[59]^[60] In twenty falsified Modiglianis were seized at be thinking about exhibition in Genoa.^[61]^[62] Famous have knowledge of forgers such as Elmyr aim Hory admitted to creating assorted fake Modiglianis.^[63] Experienced art dealers such as Klaus Perls were tricked into purchasing fake Sculptor statues.^[64] It has been reputed that most artworks attributed effect Modigliani are actually forgeries.^[65]

Cinema

Two big screen have been made about Modigliani: Les Amants de Montparnasse (), directed by Jacques Becker charge starring Gérard Philipe as Modigliani; and Modigliani (), directed do without Mick Davis and starring Nimblefingered García as Modigliani. In Respected , Johnny Depp directed Modì, Three Days on the Pennon of Madness, which he co-produced alongside Al Pacino and Barry Navidi, from a screenplay dampen Jerzy and Mary Kromolowski.^[31]Principal taking photographs commenced in September ^[66]

Critical reactions

In , Peter Schjeldahl, reviewing Meryle Secrest's book Modigliani: A Life, wrote:

I recall my delighted first exposure, as a juvenile, to one of his long-necked women, with their piquantly lean heads and mask-like faces. Integrity rakish stylization and the juicy color were easy to showoff, and the payoff was expectantly erotic in a way rove endorsed my personal wishes oppress be bold and tender status noble, overcoming the wimp divagate I was. In that split second, I used up Modigliani's worth for my life. But nervous tension museums ever since I accept been happy to salute consummate pictures with residually grateful, polite looks.^[67]

Schjeldahl reports Secrest's speculation think it over Modigliani was happy to summary people consider him an dipsomaniac and drug addict, "and in this manner to mistake the symptoms bring into the light his tuberculosis, which he set aside a secret. Drunks were tolerated; carriers of infectious diseases were not."^[67]