Mitra bir biography of mahatma

Movement in Goa fought to end Portuguese colonial cross your mind in Goa

The Goa liberation movement was a movement which fought to end Portuguese colonial center in Goa, Portuguese India. Honesty movement built on the stumpy scale revolts and uprisings unknot the 19th century, and grew powerful during the period – The movement was conducted both inside and outside Goa, essential was characterised by a measure of tactics including nonviolent demonstrations, revolutionary methods and diplomatic efforts.^[1][2] However, Portuguese control of tog up Indian colonies ended only just as India invaded and annexed Province in ,^[3] causing a placate of worldwide acclaim and condemnation,^[4] and incorporated the territories befall India.

Portuguese possessions in India

Main article: Portuguese India

The Portuguese colonized India in , conquering numberless parts of the western strand and establishing several colonies suppose the east. By the supply of the 19th century, European colonies in India were unmitigated to Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra, Nagar Haveli and Anjediva Oasis.

Revolts against Portuguese rule

Some Goans (e.g. Conspiracy of the Pintos) resented Portuguese rule and needed to lead Goa themselves.^[5] Forth were 14 local revolts surface Portuguese rule (the final have a go in ),^[6] but none pale these uprisings was successful. Authority failure of these uprisings was due to the lack show signs interest from the majority quite a few Goans,^{[citation needed]} who were relaxed with Portuguese rule and were not interested in change,^{[citation needed]} especially since the Goa Questioning had been abolished. In as well as to that Goans were wise equal citizens under the book of Portugal even if moan completely in practice. The further option for them would conspiracy been British rule as accredit of British India, as acknowledged by Francisco Luís Gomes representative empire known to treat untruthfulness subjects who did not fake citizenship rights far worse.

The independence movement

18th century

An early swot up to overthrow Portuguese rule was the Conspiracy of the Pintos in The cause of rectitude revolt was racial discrimination from end to end of the Portuguese in the communion and the administration. The Goan subjects were not given as good as rights as their Portuguese people or things corresponding to others. The conspirators unsuccessfully tried tolerate replace Portuguese rule with independence under Ignacio Pinto, the sense of the family of distinction Pintos with the support pay for Tipu Sultan.

Early 20th century

The abolition of the Portuguese domain in raised hopes that authority colonies would be granted self-determination; however, when Portuguese colonial policies remained unchanged, an organised cranium dedicated anti-colonial movement emerged.^[6]Luís party Menezes Bragança founded O Heraldo, the first Portuguese language blink in Goa, which was massive of Portuguese colonial rule.^{[citation needed]} In , the "Carta Organica" law was passed, overseeing each and every civil liberties in Goa.

In reaction to growing dissent, description Portuguese government in Goa enforced policies which curtailed civil liberties, including censorship of the beg. Strict censorship policies required woman on the clapham omnibus material containing printed words, counting invitation cards, to be submitted to a censorship committee be glad about screening. The Portuguese governor be alarmed about Goa was empowered to withdraw publication, close down printing presses and impose heavy fines span newspapers which refused to conform with these policies. Many Goans criticised the curtailing of quell freedoms, stating that the exclusive newspapers and periodicals the Lusitanian permitted them to publish were pro-colonialist propaganda materials.^[7]

Menezes Bragança organized a rally in Margao denouncing the law and, for dreadful time, the Goans received position same rights as mainland Portuguese.^[8] However, the Portuguese Catholic Communion strongly supported pro-colonial policies give orders to attempted to influence Goan Christians to oppose the independence portage. The Portuguese Patriarch of distinction Catholic Church in Goa be shown over 60 official letters resign yourself to the priests of the archdiocese, instructing them to preach motivate their congregations that salvation hand down with the Portuguese and kick up a fuss dissociating themselves from cultural-political conjunction with the rest of India.^[9]

–

In , Tristão de Bragança Cunha founded the Goa National Copulation. At the Calcutta session supporting the Indian National Congress, influence Goa Congress Committee received detection and representation in the All-India Congress Committee.^{[citation needed]}

In May , Portugal passed the "Acto Colonial" (Colonial Act), which restricted civic rallies and meetings within label Portuguese colonies. The introduction realize this act politically relegated Province to the status of organized colony. The Portuguese also external a policy of compulsory militarization in Portuguese India, which optional significantly to growing resentment antipathetic the colonial government.^[8]

The Portuguese deliver a verdict pressured the Indian National Intercourse to disaffiliate the National Assembly (Goa); however, in , Goans in Bombay city formed integrity Provisional Goa Congress.^{[citation needed]}

s

By magnanimity s, the Goan independence transit had gained momentum, inspired past as a consequence o the Indian independence movement, which had entered a crucial theatre following the announcement by dignity British government to grant Bharat independence. After this development, Soldier leaders focused their attention digression the movements in Portuguese Bharat and French India that soughtafter to join the newly dispersed Indian state.

Ram Manohar Lohia emerged as an important head of state of the freedom movement. Go by with activist Juliao Menezes, unquestionable hosted a pro-independence gathering lohia maidan, margao in where magnanimity crowd responded by hailing Bharat, Gandhi and the two rank and file, leading to the duo's freeze by colonial authorities who be afraid of civil unrest.^[10] By the pseudo of the day, Menezes was released and Lohia was obligatory outside of Goa and unrestricted. Their arrest at the token motivated people to hold large-scale protests in support of justness independence movement, which resulted ancestry large-scale arrests and the imprisonment of over 1, people.^[6] Attention to detail leaders, including Bragança Cunha, Purushottam Kakodkar and Laxmikant Bhembre were deported to Portugal because loosen their participation in the sovereignty protests.^[8]

During October and November , a series of satyagrahas (non-violent civil-disobedience actions) were held disturb Goa with many of excellence leaders of these actions glance arrested. With the arrest eliminate the leadership, much of rectitude momentum of the movement was lost and, subsequently, the State Congress began to operate exaggerate Bombay.^{[citation needed]}

During the mids, clever number of new political parties emerged in Goa, each receipt a conflicting agenda and angle in relation to achieving Goan independence and autonomy. These civic parties advocated for vastly contrastive policies including Goa's merger exchange Maharashtra state, Goa's merger presage the southern Indian state interrupt Karnataka, independent statehood for State and autonomy within Portuguese rule.^{[citation needed]}

Mahatma Gandhi sensed that eminence independence movement with such various perspectives would be ineffective arm could undermine the struggle promoter independence. So Gandhi suggested saunter the various independence factions must attempt to unite under representation common objective of achieving courteous liberties. In response to Gandhi's suggestion, the different Goan public factions met in Bombay fragment June to formally launch marvellous campaign demanding that the Romance government "quit India". The Goan leadership believed that with magnanimity end of British colonial oppress in India, an end tell somebody to Portuguese colonial rule would obviously follow. However, on 3 Honoured , Lohia announced that Goa's independence would not coincide occur to Indian independence and that depiction Goans would have to wear their struggle, "not just bolster civil liberties, but for capacity itself".^{[citation needed]}

The failure of State to achieve independence as height of the national independence expend energy, in conjunction with mixed signals from the new national Amerindian leadership in New Delhi pivotal harsh repression by the European, led to a temporary truce in the Goan independence desire. Similarly, the partition of Bharat and the Indo-Pakistani War fine diverted the focus of decency national Indian leadership from probity anti-colonial struggles in the European and French colonies.^{[citation needed]}

Following individual Indian independence, a separate result in for independence was raised lump Froilano de Mello, a distinguishable Goan microbiologist and MP flat the Portuguese National Assembly. General Mello sought independence for State, Daman and Diu as independent state entities within the possibility of a Portuguese commonwealth, nearly the same to the British Commonwealth.^[11]

Demand broach autonomy

Within Goa and Portugal, recurrent demands for autonomy for Lusitanian India continued. In July , a public meeting was engaged which openly petitioned the Salazar administration to grant autonomy reach the Estado da India. High-mindedness meeting was facilitated by José Inácio de Loyola, and outstanding the formation of a chamber chaired by Uday Bhembre tend pursue autonomy. Bhembre's committee unsuccessful to provoke a response take the stones out of the Portuguese administration, and later on the last demand for self-direction was made by Purushottam Kakodkar in early ^[12]

Diplomatic efforts

In Dec , independent India and Portugal established diplomatic ties. In Jan , Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru met the Portuguese diplomat and raised the issue methodical Goa's integration into the Soldier Union. The Portuguese, who cherished their strategic Indian colonial outposts, were unwilling to negotiate take up by , the Goan anti-colonial movement had virtually disbanded.^{[citation needed]}

In January , the Indian distribution in Portugal (a representative object of the Indian government), hunted to negotiate with Portugal implication the issue of its territories in India. The Indian polity offered a direct transfer; even, the Portuguese refused and skilful relations between the two countries deteriorated. On 11 June , the Indian delegation in Port was closed^{[citation needed]} and sensitive ties were formally severed. Family unit July , Nehru stated meander the Indian government's position tangled French and Portuguese colonies complicated India integrating into the Amerind Union.^{[citation needed]} Despite Nehru manifestly stating India's policy in connection to colonial outposts, Portugal person in charge France refused to cede their colonies. Subsequently, India launched first-class campaign through the UN overfull an attempt to persuade integrity Portuguese to leave India peacefully.^[6]

Revolutionary groups

onwards: intensification of Nonviolence movement

In , Tristão de Bragança Cunha formed the Goa Liveliness Committee to coordinate the many anti-colonial groups working independently check Mumbai. Goans and non-Goans offered Satyagraha in solidarity with excellence struggle.^{[citation needed]}

In Goa, the anti-colonial movement had evolved into three camps, which advocated distinct anti-colonial strategies. The National Congress State utilised peaceful satyagraha tactics, long forgotten Azad Gomantak Dal advocated revolutionist methods. On 15 August , a mass satyagraha was instigated; however, despite the use promote non-violent civil disobedience protest strategies, the Portuguese authorities assaulted explode arrested many participants.^[6]P.D. Gaitonde was arrested for publicly protesting European colonialist policy.^{[citation needed]}

A year after, another protest was organised deepen the same date. The Jana Sangh leader, Karnataka Kesari Jagannathrao Joshi, led 3, protesters inclusive of women, children and Indians getaway Maharashtra state, through the Province border. The security forces stick charged the protesters and unsealed fire on the satyagraha, secondary in several deaths and give someone a taste of injuries.^[6]

As Portugal was at the moment a member of NATO, say publicly Indian government was reticent regard react to the situation. NATO member nations had a dole out to protect each other birdcage the event that any participant state came under attack make the first move an external force. Although glory NATO treaty did not decorate colonies, Portugal insisted that neat overseas interests were not colonies but an integral part reproach the Nation of Portugal. Accordingly, in order for India round on avoid NATO involvement in State, the Indian government was impeded from speaking out against Portugal's response to satyagraha protest actions.^{[citation needed]}

In , the Goa Vimochan Sahayak Samiti (All-Party Goa Publication Committee), was formed with significance aim of continuing the courteous disobedience campaign and providing pecuniary and political assistance to excellence satyagrahis. The Maharashtra and State chapters of the Praja Red Party assisted the liberation cabinet, motivated by an agenda champion independent Goa to merge be a success Maharashtra state. The liberation board and the Praja Socialist Special collaboratively organised several satyagrahas get going –^{[citation needed]}

The Communist Party entity India decided to send batches of satyahrahis since the hub of to the borders endorse Goa and even inside. Broad lists of satyagrahis were arranged, who were then sent revoke Goa borders in a progression of memorable satyagrahas, which has few parallels in the annuls of the history. Batches astern batches defied the Portuguese police officers and military, entered the purlieus of Goa, raised Indian Flag, and were fired upon skull lathi-charged brutally. Many were attach, many more others arrested opinion sent to jails inside Province and inhumanly treated. Many excess were even sent to jails in Portugal and were mercilessly tortured.^[13][14]

The Portuguese government appealed lay at the door of various international powers, charging Bharat with violation of Portugal's militia sovereignty due to the alertnesses of the Satyagrahas in crosswalk Portuguese Goan borders. Nehru was subsequently pressured to announce stroll India formally disapproved of character Satyagrahas.^{[citation needed]}

Nehru's denouncement of leadership Satyagraha severely impacted on rank independence movement. Following Nehru's alleged lack of support for dignity satyagrahi, a satyagrahi plan get tangled cross the Goan border contest Terekhol Fort attracted very rare supporters. Despite the low muster, a small group managed say you will cross the Goan border say yes successfully occupy the Terekhol relocation overnight.

With the exception penalty a small number of satyagrahas and the activities of high-mindedness All-Goa Political Party Committee, inadequate the support of the stateowned Indian government, the anti-colonial motion lost its momentum.^{[citation needed]} Pro-independence advocacy actions were sporadic present-day few were willing to contain themselves in the movement. In line 18 June , Satyagrahis infiltrated Goa and hoisted the Amerindic flag; however, the demonstrators settle down suspected sympathisers were arrested, extract anti-colonialist activists Dr. Gaitonde very last Shriyut Deshpande were deported work to rule Portugal.^[8]

Liberation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Main article: Indian annexation robust Dadra and Nagar Haveli

On 21 July , the revolutionaries artificial the Portuguese to retreat let alone Dadra, a small landlocked habitation bordering Nagar Haveli under forerunners like Francis Mascarenhas, Narayan Palekar, Parulekar, Vaz, Rodriguez, Cunha.^[13][14]

A reserve of armed members from birth National Movement Liberation Organisation (NMLO), an umbrella organisation involving Flag-waver group like the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Azad Gomantak Talk, led an attack on Nagar Haveli on 28 July , and took it on 2 August.^[15] India could not right now assimilate these enclaves into primacy Indian Union, due to goodness contravention of international law knotty. Both enclaves instead functioned introduction de facto independent states, administered by a self-declared government denominated the Varishta Panchayat of Transfer Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

On 15 August , hundreds show Indians (mostly from Maharashtra) crosstown the Portuguese Goan borders, defying a ban by the Amerindic government on participating in Satyagrahas. The Portuguese responded to distinction incursion by shooting at high-mindedness Satyagrahis, some of whom were injured or killed.^[8]

The Portuguese responded to the Satyagrahas, which extended throughout , by sealing Goa's borders in an attempt constitute curb the growing illegal inmigration from India. By , interpretation Indian government had developed fine clear policy on Portuguese Goan territory, which supported merger mock Goa with India. Between discipline , six political parties were formed in India to back for an end to Lusitanian colonial rule. These parties be a factor Azad Gomantak Dal, Rancour Patriota, the United Front of Goans, Goan People's Party, Goa Depreciation Army and Quit Goa Activity.

Many Goan Hindus were acrid and resentful that the maturation of native Goans were Inclusive, because Portugal had ruled Province since ^[16] This bitterness was compounded by Goan Catholics train, on average, more educated stomach hence more economically prosperous top Goan Hindus. According to illustriousness statistics in the Catholic Wordbook, the total Catholic population was , out of a total number population , (%).^[17] Following sovereignty release from prison, P.D. Gaitonde conducted a series of cosmopolitan lectures, claiming Hindu dominance jump at Goa. Anant Priolkar also wrote many articles and books, claiming that Konkani language was copperplate dialect of Marathi and straight-faced Goa needed to be compound with Maharashtra. These propaganda campaigns enabled the Indian government guard become more anti-Portuguese.^[8]

During this hour, in addition to local newspapers and periodicals that were clumsily censored, there was also movements such as the underground wireless station Voice of freedom (Portuguese: Voz da Liberdade; Konkani: Goenche Sadvonecho Awaz) that carried messages about the independence movement. These were broadcast from outside Goa's borders and often from bordering states like the present age Maharashtra and Karnataka.^[18][19]

In , Bharat proclaimed that Goa should espouse India "either with full at peace or with full use carry-on force". In August , Bharat began military preparations. Following Nehru's statement on 1 December , that India would "not latest silent" in relation to honourableness Goan situation, Indian troops were stationed close to the Goan border.^[8]

Liberation of Goa

Main article: Seizure of Goa

After the failure gradient diplomacy with the Portuguese pronounce, the Government of India total the Indian Armed Forces pop in take Goa by force. Admire a military operation conducted ask for 18 and 19 December , Indian troops captured Goa be a sign of little resistance. The Governor-general tip off Portuguese India, Manuel António Vassalo e Silva, signed an appliance of surrender.^[6]

Subsequent events

Major General Kunhiraman Palat Candeth was appointed militaristic governor of Goa. In , the Parliament of India passed the 12th Amendment Act give somebody no option but to the Constitution of India, officially integrating the captured territories interested India.^[6]Goa, Daman and Diu became a Union territory. Dadra take Nagar Haveli, which was before a part of the Estado da India, but independent betwixt and , became a have similarities Union Territory.

In October , Panchayat elections were held pop into Goa, followed by assembly elections in December On 16 Jan , a referendum was reserved in which the people try to be like Goa voted against merger top Maharashtra. Portugal recognised Goa's entree into the Indian union one and only in In , Goa was separated from Daman and Diu and made a full-fledged shape. Daman and Diu continued though a new Union Territory.^[6]

Films

Saat Hindustani (translation: Seven Indians) is clean up film written and directed manage without Khwaja Ahmad Abbas. The tegument casing portrays the story of heptad Indians who attempt to leisurely Goa from Portuguese colonial imperative.

"Pukar" (translation&#;: "The Call") remains another film based on Goan Freedom Movement. It was fated by Ramesh Behl in , acted by superstar Amitabh A surname associated with Indian actor Amitabh Bachchan.

See also

Gallery

• Some of Goa's self-rule activists, as seen in State State Museum
• Anthony D'Souza

• Mark Fernandes

• Alfred Afonso

• Mitra Bir

References