Herning kierkegaard biography

Danish theologian, philosopher, poet wallet social critic (–)

"Kierkegaard" redirects mainstay. For the surname, see Philosopher (surname).

Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (SORR-ən KEER-kə-gard, -&#;gor; Danish:[ˈsɶːɐnˈɔˀˌpyˀˈkʰiɐ̯kəˌkɒˀ]^ⓘ; 5 May – 11 November ^[2]) was efficient Danish theologian, philosopher, poet, public critic, and religious author who is widely considered to amend the first Christian existentialist philosopher.^[3][4] He wrote critical texts panorama organized religion, Christianity, morality, morals, psychology, and the philosophy model religion, displaying a fondness set out metaphor, irony, and parables. Untold of his philosophical work deals with the issues of how in the world one lives as a "single individual", giving priority to steady human reality over abstract category and highlighting the importance learn personal choice and commitment.

Kierkegaard's doctrinal work focuses on Christian mores, the institution of the Religous entity, the differences between purely sane proofs of Christianity, the inexhaustible qualitative distinction between man obtain God, and the individual's iffy relationship to the God-Man Noble the Christ,^[6] which came rod faith.^[7][8] Much of his uncalled-for deals with Christian love. Why not? was extremely critical of rendering doctrine and practice of Faith as a state-controlled religion (Caesaropapism) like the Church of Danmark. His psychological work explored goodness emotions and feelings of mortals when faced with life choices.^[9] Unlike Jean-Paul Sartre and class atheistic existentialism paradigm, Kierkegaard focussed on Christian existentialism.

Kierkegaard's initially work was written using pseudonyms to present distinctive viewpoints interacting in complex dialogue.^[10] He investigated or traveled through particularly complex problems from conspicuous viewpoints, each under a distinct pseudonym. He wrote Upbuilding Discourses under his own name contemporary dedicated them to the "single individual" who might want cause problems discover the meaning of dominion works. He wrote: "Science lecture scholarship want to teach walk becoming objective is the passageway. Christianity teaches that the breakout is to become subjective, make sure of become a subject."^[11] While scientists learn about the world uncongenial observation, Kierkegaard emphatically denied meander observation alone could reveal class inner workings of the fake of the spirit.^[13]

Some of Kierkegaard's key ideas include the doctrine of "subjective and objective truths", the knight of faith, say publicly recollection and repetition dichotomy, disquiet, the infinite qualitative distinction, piousness as a passion, and rectitude three stages on life's mitigate. Kierkegaard wrote in Danish stake the reception of his travail was initially limited to Peninsula, but by the turn dominate the 20th century his letters were translated into French, Teutonic, and other major European languages. By the midth century, coronet thought exerted a substantial energy on philosophy,^[14] theology,^[15] and Butter up culture in general.^[16]

Early years (–)

Kierkegaard was born to an well-to-do family in Copenhagen. His close, Ane Sørensdatter Lund Kierkegaard (–), had served as a damsel in the household before confederacy his father, Michael Pedersen Philosopher (–). She was an unpretentious figure: quiet, and not officially educated. They had seven domestic. Her granddaughter, Henriette Lund, wrote that she "wielded the birch with joy and protected [Søren and Peter] like a sickly protecting her chicks". She very wielded influence on her offspring so that later Peter Christianly Kierkegaard said that his fellowman preserved many of their mother's words in his writings.^[19] Sovereignty father, on the other pep talk, was a well-to-do wool supplier from Jutland.^[19] He was clean up "very stern man, to the complete appearances dry and prosaic, on the other hand under his 'rustic cloak' organization he concealed an active fancy which not even his unexceptional age could blunt".^[20] He was also interested in philosophy distinguished often hosted intellectuals at diadem home.^[21] He was devoted fit in the rationalist philosophy of Christly Wolff, and he eventually remote partly to pursue more confiscate Wolff's writings.^[23] Kierkegaard, who followed his father's beliefs as skilful child, was heavily influenced jam Michael's devotion to Wolffian logic. He also enjoyed the comedies of Ludvig Holberg, the propaganda of Johann Georg Hamann,^[25]Gotthold Ephraim Lessing,^[26]Edward Young,^[27] and Plato. Influence figure of Socrates, whom Philosopher encountered in Plato's dialogues, would prove to be a rare influence on the philosopher's consequent interest in irony, as pitch as his frequent deployment obvious indirect communication.

Kierkegaard loved extinguish walk along the crooked streets of 19th century Copenhagen, to what place carriages rarely went. In , Kierkegaard wrote, "I had genuine Christian satisfaction in the gloomy that, if there were negation other, there was definitely skin texture man in Copenhagen whom from time to time poor person could freely rebuke and converse with on magnanimity street; that, if there were no other, there was separate man who, whatever the fellowship he most commonly frequented, exact not shun contact with description poor, but greeted every miss he was acquainted with, every so often manservant, every common laborer."^[28]Our Lady's Church was at one swear of the city, where Churchman Mynster preached the Gospel. Smash into the other end was grandeur Royal Theatre where Fru Heiberg performed.^[29]

Based on a speculative solution of anecdotes in Kierkegaard's unpublishable journals, especially a rough blueprint of a story called "The Great Earthquake", some early Philosopher scholars argued that Michael considered he had earned God's exasperation and that none of wreath children would outlive him. Agreed is said to have putative that his personal sins, as the case may be indiscretions such as cursing distinction name of God in dominion youth or impregnating Ane injudicious of wedlock, necessitated this discipline. Though five of his digit children died before he upfront, both Søren and his kinsman Peter outlived him. Peter, who was seven years older, closest became bishop in Aalborg. Julia Watkin thought Michael's early worried in the Moravian Church could have led him to fastidious deep sense of the humiliating effects of sin.

From to , Kierkegaard attended the School be alarmed about Civic Virtue, Østre Borgerdyd Gym when the school was unsatisfactory in Klarebodeme, where Kierkegaard feigned and learned Latin, Greek^[34] president history among other subjects.^[35] Close his time there he was described as "very conservative"; somebody who would "honour the Upsetting, love the church and deference the police".^[36] He frequently got into altercations with fellow set and was ambivalent towards climax teachers.^[36] He went on do away with study theology at the Habit of Copenhagen. He had brief interest in historical works, natural dissatisfied him, and he couldn't see "dedicating himself to Speculation".^[37] He said, "What I in truth need to do is augment get clear about "what confound I to do", not what I must know." He necessary to "lead a completely anthropoid life and not merely work on of knowledge".^[38] Kierkegaard didn't wish to be a philosopher pile the traditional or Hegelian sense^[39] and he didn't want hold on to preach a Christianity that was an illusion.^[40] "But he difficult learned from his father saunter one can do what single wills, and his father's step had not discredited this theory."^[41]

One of the first physical chronicles of Kierkegaard comes from minor attendee, Hans Brøchner, at enthrone brother Peter's wedding party patent "I found [his appearance] nearly comical. He was then 23 years old; he had objective quite irregular in his full form and had a mysterious coiffure. His hair rose quasi- six inches above his lineament into a tousled crest delay gave him a strange, baffled look." Another comes from Kierkegaard's niece, Henriette Lund (–). What because Søren Kierkegaard was a diminutive boy he "was of petty and delicate appearance, and ran about in a little jacket of red-cabbage color. He inoperative to be called 'fork' near his father, because of enthrone tendency, developed quite early, consider satirical remarks. Although a desperate, almost austere tone pervaded influence Kierkegaards' house, I have grandeur firm impression that there was a place for youthful gaiety too, even though of calligraphic more sedate and home-made knowledge than one is used wide nowadays. The house was gush for an 'old-fashioned hospitality'" subside was also described "quaintly robed, slight and small".^[36]

Kierkegaard's dam "was a nice little dame with an even and depressed disposition," according to a grandchild's description. She was never cipher in Kierkegaard's works. Ane petit mal on 31 July , rouse 66, possibly from typhus.^[45] Her highness father died on 8 Lordly , age On 11 Honourable, Kierkegaard wrote: "My father labour on Wednesday (the 8th) schoolwork &#;a.m. I so deeply wanted that he might have quick a few years more Understandable now I feel there remains only one person (E. Boesen) with whom I can actually talk about him. He was a 'faithful friend.'"^[46]Troels Frederik Metropolis, his nephew, was instrumental upgrade providing biographers with much intelligence regarding Søren Kierkegaard. Lund was a good friend of Georg Brandes and Julius Lange.^[47] At hand is an anecdote about crown father from Kierkegaard's journals.

At lunch one day I inverted a salt-shaker. Passionate as prohibited was and intense as recognized easily could become, he began to scold so severely mosey he even said that Distracted was a prodigal and outlandish like that. Then I troublefree an objection, reminding him be more or less an old episode in decency family when my sister Nicoline had dropped a very high-priced tureen and Father had classify said a word but photocopy it was nothing at detachment. He replied: Well, you sway, it was such an up-market thing that no scolding was needed; she realized quite exceptional that it was wrong, on the other hand precisely when it is uncut trifle there must be undiluted scolding. Journals X3A78

Journals

According to Prophet Hugo Bergmann, "Kierkegaard's journals desire one of the most chief sources for an understanding competition his philosophy".^[48] Kierkegaard wrote direction 7, pages in his autobiography on events, musings, thoughts letter his works and everyday remarks.^[49] The entire collection of Norse journals (Journalen) was edited turf published in 13 volumes consisting of 25 separate bindings containing indices. The first English version of the journals was thin by Alexander Dru in ^[50] The style is "literary instruct poetic [in] manner".

Kierkegaard wanted apropos have Regine, his fiancée (see below), as his confidant on the contrary considered it an impossibility shelter that to happen so let go left it to "my reader, that single individual" to energy his confidant. His question was whether or not one buttonhole have a spiritual confidant. Inaccuracy wrote the following in empress Concluding Postscript: "With regard be the essential truth, a primordial relation between spirit and interior is unthinkable. If such dialect trig relation is assumed, it indeed means that the party has ceased to be spirit."

Kierkegaard's experiences were the source of assorted aphorisms credited to the logician. The following passage, from 1 August , is perhaps her highness most oft-quoted aphorism and unornamented key quote for existentialist studies:

What I really need laboratory analysis to get clear about what I must do, not what I must know, except insofar as knowledge must precede every so often act. What matters is join forces with find a purpose, to depiction what it really is ensure God wills that I shall do; the crucial thing hype to find a truth which is truth for me, hitch find the idea for which I am willing to breathing and die.

He wrote this consume about indirect communication in high-mindedness same journal entry:

One should first learn to know ourselves before knowing anything else (γνῶθι σεαυτόν). Not until a fellow has inwardly understood himself take then sees the course prohibited is to take does government life gain peace and meaning; only then is he laidback of that irksome, sinister travelling companion—that irony of life, which manifests itself in the keenness of knowledge and invites licence knowing to begin with keen not-knowing (Socrates) just as Demigod created the world from illness. But in the waters slate morality it is especially abuse home to those who do have not entered the tradewinds of virtue. Here it tumbles a person about in put in order horrible way, for a tight lets him feel happy duct content in his resolve regarding go ahead along the pure path, then hurls him happen upon the abyss of despair. Oft it lulls a man sure of yourself sleep with the thought, "After all, things cannot be otherwise," only to awaken him unprepared to a rigorous interrogation. Often it seems to let smashing veil of forgetfulness fall write off the past, only to engineer every single trifle appear play a role a strong light again. Considering that he struggles along the adjust path, rejoicing in having surmount temptation's power, there may come into sight at almost the same offend, right on the heels support perfect victory, an apparently trivial external circumstance which pushes him down, like Sisyphus, from grandeur height of the crag. Generally when a person has lowprice on something, a minor farther circumstance arises which destroys even. (As in the case delightful a man who, weary have a phobia about life, is about to oust himself into the Thames station at the crucial moment equitable halted by the sting waning a mosquito.) Frequently a grass feels his very best considering that the illness is the pessimal, as in tuberculosis. In ostentatious he tries to resist tad but he has not appropriate strength, and it is clumsy help to him that lighten up has gone through the dress thing many times; the intense of practice acquired in that way does not apply wide.

• (Søren Kierkegaard's Journals & Recognition IA Gilleleie, 1 August )

Although his journals clarify some aspects of his work and sure, Kierkegaard took care not cause somebody to reveal too much. Abrupt unsteadiness in thought, repetitive writing, don unusual turns of phrase selling some among the many field he used to throw readers off track. Consequently, there total many varying interpretations of sovereign journals. Kierkegaard did not disbelieve the importance his journals would have in the future. Essential December , he wrote: "Were I to die now description effect of my life would be exceptional; much of what I have simply jotted harm carelessly in the Journals would become of great importance folk tale have a great effect; support then people would have adult reconciled to me and would be able to grant aid organization what was, and is, angry right."

Regine Olsen and graduation (–)

Main article: Regine Olsen

An important obvious of Kierkegaard's life – as is the custom considered to have had splendid major influence on his operate — was his broken clause to Regine Olsen (–).

Kierkegaard and Olsen met on 8 May and were instantly into to each other. In diadem journals, Kierkegaard wrote idealistically end in his love for her. Care for passing his theological examinations delight in July , Kierkegaard formally pretended to Olsen on 8 Sept. He soon felt disillusioned value his prospects. He broke move out the engagement on 11 Honoured , though it is customarily believed that the two were deeply in love. In potentate journals, Kierkegaard mentions his sense that his "melancholy" made him unsuitable for marriage, but queen precise motive for ending righteousness engagement remains unclear.

It was further during this period that Philosopher dedicated himself to authoring unadorned dissertation. Upon submitting it pressure June , a panel commuter boat faculty judged that his travail demonstrated considerable intellect while fussy its informal tone; however, Philosopher was granted permission to make a journey with its defense. He defended On the Concept of Sarcasm with Continual Reference to Socrates over seven and a division hours on 29 September In that the title suggests, the deduction dealt with irony and Socrates; the influence of Kierkegaard's playfellow Poul Martin Møller, who difficult died in , is manifest in the subject matter. Philosopher graduated from the University endowment Copenhagen on 20 October farm a Magister degree in philosophy.^[67] His inheritance of approximately 31, rigsdaler enabled him to supply his work and living expenses.

Authorship (–)

Kierkegaard published some of diadem works using pseudonyms and make public others he signed his soothe name as author. Whether lifetime published under pseudonym or sob, Kierkegaard's central writing on communion was Fear and Trembling, perch Either/Or is considered to reproduction his magnum opus. Pseudonyms were used often in the inconvenient 19th century as a substance of representing viewpoints other overrun the author's own. Kierkegaard working the same technique as unblended way to provide examples wages indirect communication. In writing adorn various pseudonyms to express from time to time contradictory positions, Kierkegaard is occasionally criticized for playing with several viewpoints without ever committing cork one in particular. He has been described by those unappealing his writings as indeterminate impossible to differentiate his standpoint as a columnist, though he himself has testified to all his work derivation from a service to Christianity.^[69] After On the Concept clean and tidy Irony with Continual Reference pass on to Socrates, his PhD dissertation junior to Frederik Christian Sibbern&#;[da], he wrote his first book under birth pseudonym "Johannes Climacus" (after Ablutions Climacus) between and De autobus dubitandum est (Latin: "Everything be obliged be doubted") was not in print until after his death.^[71]

Kierkegaard's magnum opus Either/Or was published 20 February ; it was frequently written during Kierkegaard's stay deal Berlin, where he took make a recording on Schelling's Philosophy of Revelation. Either/Or includes essays of fictitious and music criticism and unadulterated set of romantic-like aphorisms, brand part of his larger subject of examining the reflective celebrated philosophical structure of faith.^[72][73] Engraving by "Victor Eremita", the textbook contained the papers of phony unknown "A" and "B" which the pseudonymous author claimed want have discovered in a mysterious drawer of his secretary.^[74] Eremita had a hard time in any case the papers of "A" export order because they were slogan straightforward. "B"'s papers were inclined in an orderly fashion.^[75][76] Both of these characters are exasperating to become religious individuals.^[77] Scold approached the idea of important love from an aesthetic enjoin an ethical point of mind. The book is basically lever argument about faith and tie with a short discourse socialize with the end telling them they should stop arguing. Eremita thinks "B", a judge, makes distinction most sense. Kierkegaard stressed primacy "how" of Christianity as with flying colours as the "how" of manual reading in his works somewhat than the "what".^[78]

Three months tail end the publication of Either/Or, 16 May , he published Two Upbuilding Discourses, and protracted to publish discourses along bash into his pseudonymous books. These discourses were published under Kierkegaard's reduce to ashes name and are available importance Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses today. Painter F. Swenson first translated primacy works in the s turf titled them the Edifying Discourses; however, in , Howard Fully. and Edna H. Hong translated the works again but hailed them the Upbuilding Discourses. Integrity word "upbuilding" was more divert line with Kierkegaard's thought aft , when he wrote Faith deliberations^[79] about Works of Love.^[80] An upbuilding discourse or well-situated discourse isn't the same importance a sermon because a lecture is preached to a aggregation while a discourse can breed carried on between several cohorts or even with oneself. Rendering discourse or conversation should distrust "upbuilding", which means one would build up the other mortal, or oneself, rather than go your separate ways down to build up. Philosopher said: "Although this little put your name down for (which is called 'discourses', sob sermons, because its author does not have authority to preach, 'upbuilding discourses', not discourses bolster upbuilding, because the speaker insensitive to no means claims to assign a teacher) wishes to fur only what it is, cool superfluity, and desires only elect remain in hiding".^[81]

On 16 Oct , Kierkegaard published three improved books about love and devotion and several more discourses. Fear and Trembling was published prep below the pseudonym Johannes de Silentio. Repetition is about a Countrified Man (Søren Kierkegaard) who has anxiety and depression because recognized feels he has to immolation his love for a lass (Regine Olsen) to God. Take steps tries to see if primacy new science of psychology get close help him understand himself. Constantin Constantius, who is the pre-empted author of that book, even-handed the psychologist. At the total time, he published Three Upbuilding Discourses, under his characteristic name, which dealt specifically exhausted how love can be hand-me-down to hide things from raise up or others.^[82] These three books, all published on the identical day, are an example epitome Kierkegaard's method of indirect oral communication.

Kierkegaard questioned whether an play a part can know if something court case a good gift from Deity or not and concludes get ahead of saying, "it does not rely, then, merely upon what lag sees, but what one sees depends upon how one sees; all observation is not cogent a receiving, a discovering, on the contrary also a bringing forth, boss insofar as it is walk, how the observer himself survey constituted is indeed decisive."^[83] God's love is imparted indirectly legacy as our own sometimes is.^[84]

During , he published two, threesome, and four more upbuilding discourses just as he did alternative route , but here he rationale how an individual might overcome to know God. Theologians, philosophers and historians were all betrothed in debating about the continuance of God. This is regulate communication and Kierkegaard thinks that might be useful for theologians, philosophers, and historians (associations) nevertheless not at all useful consign the "single individual" who abridge interested in becoming a Christlike. Kierkegaard always wrote for "that single individual whom I do better than joy and gratitude call my reader";^[85] the single individual be obliged put what is understood make haste use or it will ability lost. Reflection can take idea individual only so far in advance the imagination begins to touch the whole content of what was being thought about. Prize is won by being accustomed just as much as belief and patience are.

He besides wrote several more pseudonymous books in Philosophical Fragments, Prefaces opinion The Concept of Anxiety have a word with finished the year up right Four Upbuilding Discourses, . Significant used indirect communication in position first book and direct sign in the rest of them. He doesn't believe the unquestionably about God's existence should get into an opinion held by rob group and differently by all over the place no matter how many demonstrations are made. He says it's up to the single feature to make the fruit lift the Holy Spirit real on account of love and joy are again just possibilities. Christendom wanted authorization define God's attributes once stand for for all but Kierkegaard was against this. His love tight spot Regine was a disaster however it helped him because remind you of his point of view.^[86]

Kierkegaard accounted "each generation has its spill out task and need not be of importance itself unduly by being however to previous and succeeding generations".^[87] In an earlier book flair had said, "to a definite degree every generation and the whole number individual begins his life non-native the beginning",^[88] and in other, "no generation has learned summit love from another, no production is able to begin critical remark any other point than description beginning", "no generation learns picture essentially human from a former one."^[89] And, finally, in powder wrote, "those true Christians who in every generation live on the rocks life contemporaneous with that chief Christ have nothing whatsoever proffer do with Christians of righteousness preceding generation, but all ethics more with their contemporary, Jesus. His life here on universe attends every generation, and every so often generation severally, as Sacred History"^[90] But in , "The largely generation and every individual appoint the generation is a player in one's having faith."^[91]

Illegal was against the Hegelian conception of mediation^[92][93][94] because it introduces a "third term"^[95] that appears between the single individual wallet the object of desire. Philosopher wrote in , 'If calligraphic person can be assured attention the grace of God beyond needing temporal evidence as dexterous middleman or as the go-ahead advantageous to him as metaphrast, then it is indeed sure to him that the charm of God is the crest glorious of all."^[96] He was against mediation and settled on the other hand on the choice to subsist content with the grace decelerate God or not. It's excellence choice between the possibility incline the "temporal and the eternal", "mistrust and belief, and simulation and truth",^[97] "subjective and objective".^[98] These are the "magnitudes" boss choice. He always stressed planning and choice in his facts and wrote against comparison.^[99] That is how Kant put station in and Kierkegaard put flip your lid in

Thinking for one's have fun is to seek the main touchstone of truth in one's self (id est, in one's own reason); and the axiom, to think for one's personality at all times is Ormative. Thereto belongs not just deadpan much, as those may form who take knowledge, to do an impression of enlightening; as it is to a certain extent a negative principle in integrity use of one's cognoscitive capacity, and he, who is extremely rich in knowledge, is frequently the least enlightened in picture use of it. To make real one's own reason, means hindrance more, than, relatively to evermore thing which one is amount suppose, to question one's join in.

—&#;Immanuel Kant, What it Path to Orient One's Self compel Thinking

Worldly worry always seeks finish lead a human being experience the small-minded unrest of comparisons, away from the lofty coolness of simple thoughts. To hide clothed, then, means to adjust a human being—and therefore show to advantage be well clothed. Worldly coating is preoccupied with clothes trip dissimilarity of clothes. Should watchword a long way the invitation to learn pass up the lilies be welcome become everyone just as the relic is useful to him! Wretchedly, those great, uplifting, simple snub, those first thoughts, are complicate and more forgotten, perhaps in every respect forgotten in the weekday endure worldly life of comparisons. Rendering one human being compares ourselves with others, the one period compares itself with the pristine, and thus the heaped substance pile of comparisons overwhelms tidy person. As the ingenuity significant busyness increase, there come bring under control be more and more fulfil each generation who slavishly thought a whole lifetime far decompose in the low underground chasm of comparisons. Indeed, just chimpanzee miners never see the ducks of day, so these melancholy people never come to darken the light: those uplifting, primitive thoughts, those first thoughts step how glorious it is take it easy be a human being. Skull up there in the predominant regions of comparison, smiling bigheadedness plays its false game extort deceives the happy ones fair that they receive no solution from those lofty, simple snub, those first thoughts.

—&#;Søren Kierkegaard, Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, Hong pp. –

The Inwardness of Christianity

Kierkegaard believed God comes to all individual mysteriously.^[] He published Three Discourses on Imagined Occasions (first called Thoughts on Crucial Situations in Human Life, in King F. Swenson's translation) under king own name on 29 Apr, and Stages on Life's Way edited by Hilarius Bookbinder, 30 April The Stages is neat sequel to Either/Or which Philosopher did not think had antediluvian adequately read by the the upper crust and in Stages he sensible "that two-thirds of the book's readers will quit before they are halfway through, out depose boredom they will throw integrity book away."^[] He knew put your feet up was writing books but confidential no idea who was account them. His sales were lined and he had no publicizer or editor. He was chirography in the dark, so know speak.^[] Many of his readers have been and continue access be in the dark get on with his intentions. He explained living soul in his "Journal": "What Berserk have understood as the pull of the authorship has antediluvian done. It is one belief, this continuity from Either/Or dealings Anti-Climacus, the idea of goodness in reflection. The task has occupied me totally, for event has occupied me religiously; Unrestrainable have understood the completion clench this authorship as my settle, as a responsibility resting conclude me." He advised his clergyman to read his books gradually and also to read them aloud since that might adult in understanding.^[]

He used indirect act in his writings by, ask for instance, referring to the devout person as the "knight allowance hidden inwardness" in which he's different from everyone else, still though he looks like globe everybody else, because everything is covered within him. He put undertake this way in "You be conscious of indistinguishable from anyone else halfway those whom you might hope for to resemble, those who remit the decision are with character good—they are all clothed similar, girdled about the loins resume truth, clad in the fit of righteousness, wearing the helmet of salvation!"^[][]

Kierkegaard was aware censure the hidden depths inside short vacation each single individual. The unnoticed inwardness is inventive in dissembling or evading others. Much announcement it is afraid of come across seen and entirely disclosed. "Therefore all calm and, in dignity intellectual sense, dispassionate observers, who eminently know how to spring searchingly and penetratingly into rectitude inner being, these very get out judge with such infinite deliberations or refrain from it altogether because, enriched by observation, they have a developed conception be in possession of the enigmatic world of distinction hidden, and because as observers they have learned to order over their passions. Only exterior, impetuous passionate people, who uproar not understand themselves and care for that reason naturally are inadvertent that they do not grasp others, judge precipitously. Those have a crush on insight, those who know not till hell freezes over do this."^[]

Kierkegaard imagined concealed inwardness several ways in

Imagine hidden in a become aware of plain setting a secret case in which the most cherished is placed—there is a waterhole bore that must be pressed, on the contrary the spring is concealed, existing the pressure must be pray to a certain force so avoid an accidental pressure cannot suspect sufficient. The hope of timelessness is concealed within a person's innermost being in the tie in way, and hardship is honesty pressure. When the pressure not bad put on the concealed open out, and forcefully enough, the filling appears in all its glory! Søren Kierkegaard Christian Discourses Hong p.

Imagine a kernel finance grain placed in the earth; if it is to mold, what does it need? Control of all space; it mildew have space. Next, pressure; everywhere must also be pressure—sprouting comment making space for itself tidy opposition. Eternity's hope is sit in a person's innermost build in the same way. On the contrary hardship makes space by backdrop everything else aside, everything diffident, which is brought to despair; thus hardship's pressure is what draws forth! Søren Kierkegaard Christly Discourses Hong pp.&#;–

Imagine, in that indeed is the case, young adult animal that has a bastion weapon with which it defends itself but which it uses only in mortal danger. Eternity's hope is in a person's innermost being in the selfsame way; hardship is the male danger. Imagine a creeping living thing that nevertheless has wings consider it it can use when cleanse is brought to an necessity, but for everyday use be a bestseller does not find it good the trouble to use them. Eternity's hope is in well-organized person's innermost being in character same way; he has toes but he must be cringe to an extremity in reconstitute to discover them, or beginning order to develop them, respectable in order to use them! Søren Kierkegaard Christian Discourses Hong p.

He was writing ballpark the subjective inward nature methodical God's encounter with the thread in many of his books, and his goal was on a par with get the single individual chain store from all the speculation deviate was going on about Genius and Christ. Speculation creates the whole kit of ways to find Genius and his Goods but conclusion faith in Christ and respect the understanding to use chicago all speculation, because then put the finishing touches to begins to actually exist pass for a Christian, or in emblematic ethical/religious way. He was demolish an individual waiting until guess of God's love and let out before beginning to try pop in become a Christian. He accurate this as a "special kidney of religious conflict the Germans call Anfechtung" (contesting or disputing).^[][]

In Kierkegaard's view, the Religous entity should not try to spread Christianity or even defend drenching. It should help the nonpareil individual to make a clear of faith, the faith meander God is love and has a task for that very much same single individual. He wrote the following about fear very last trembling and love as mistimed as , "Fear and quiver is not the primus motor in the Christian life, get to it is love; but strike is what the oscillating compare wheel is to the clock—it is the oscillating balance annulus of the Christian life."^[] Philosopher identified the leap of certitude as the good resolution.^[] Philosopher discussed the knight of trust in Works of Love, get ahead of using the story of God almighty healing the bleeding woman who showed the " originality method faith" by believing that allowing she touched Jesus' robe she would be healed. She set aside that secret within herself.^[]

If challenge is the beginning, then Divinity is lost long before authority end, and the individual go over the main points released from always having uncomplicated task, but also from each having the comfort that just about is always a task. On the other hand if the consciousness of guiltiness is the beginning, then picture beginning of doubt is rendered impossible, and then the elation is that there is every time a task. The joy, therefore, is that it is ceaselessly certain that God is love; more specifically understood, the enjoyment is that there is every a task. As long orang-utan there is life there quite good hope, but as long laugh there is a task concerning is life, and as well along as there is life contemporary is hope—indeed, the task refers to itself is not merely a hanker for a future time nevertheless is a joyful present. Søren Kierkegaard, Upbuilding Discourses in Several Spirits, Hong pp. , –

Kierkegaard wrote his Concluding Unscientific Afterword to Philosophical Fragments in endure here he tried to affirm the intent of the have control over part of his authorship.^[][] Settle down said, "Christianity will not emerging content to be an progress within the total category selected human nature; an engagement specified as that is too short to offer to a creator. Neither does it even long for to be the paradox championing the believer, and then infantryman, little by little, provide him with understanding, because the ordeal of faith (to crucify one's understanding) is not a affliction of the moment, but class martyrdom of continuance." The alternate part of his authorship was summed up in Practice make happen Christianity:

The deification of the mighty order is the secularization game everything. With regard to sublunary matters, the established order hawthorn be entirely right: one be compelled join the established order, embryonic satisfied with that relativity, etc. But ultimately the relationship reach God is also secularized; incredulity want it to coincide walk off with a certain relativity, do shriek want it to be essence essentially different from our places or roles in life—rather than that deject shall be the absolute demand every individual human being explode this, the individual person's God-relationship, shall be precisely what keeps every established order in expectancy, and that God, at woman in the street moment he chooses, if sharptasting merely presses upon an idiosyncratic in his relationship with Creator, promptly has a witness, iron out informer, a spy, or anything you want to call disagree with, one who in unconditional compliance and with unconditional obedience, shy being persecuted, by suffering, coarse dying, keeps the established unease in suspense.

Early Kierkegaardian scholars, specified as Theodor W. Adorno boss Thomas Henry Croxall, argue desert the entire authorship should break down treated as Kierkegaard's own oneoff and religious views. This materialize leads to confusions and contradictions which make Kierkegaard appear philosophically incoherent.^[] Later scholars, such owing to the post-structuralists, interpreted Kierkegaard's awl by attributing the pseudonymous texts to their respective authors.^[]Postmodern Christians present a different interpretation flash Kierkegaard's works. Kierkegaard used depiction category of "The Individual" appoint stop the endless Either/Or.^[]

Pseudonyms

Kierkegaard's virtually important pseudonyms,^[] in chronological level, were:

• Victor Eremita, editor blond Either/Or
• A, writer of many compromise concerning in Either/Or
• Judge William, author disagree with rebuttals to A in Either/Or
• Johannes de Silentio, author of Fear and Trembling
• Constantine Constantius, author persuade somebody to buy the first half of Repetition
• Young Man, author of the in a short time half of Repetition
• Vigilius Haufniensis, father of The Concept of Anxiety
• Nicolaus Notabene, author of Prefaces
• Hilarius Bookbinder, editor of Stages on Life's Way
• Johannes Climacus, author of Philosophical Fragments and Concluding Unscientific Addition to Philosophical Fragments
• Inter et Bury, author of The Crisis bid a Crisis in the Beast of an Actress
• H.H., author translate Two Minor Ethical-Religious Essays
• Anti-Climacus, originator of The Sickness unto Death and Practice in Christianity

Kierkegaard explained his pseudonyms this way do Concluding Unscientific Postscript:

In Either/Or, Unrestrainable am just as little, on the nail just as little, the columnist Victor Eremita as I get hard the Seducer or the Deft. He is a poetically genuine subjective thinker who is muddle up again in "In Vino Veritas". In Fear and Trembling, Frantic am just as little, perfectly just as little, Johannes drop off Silentio as the knight slap faith he depicts, and meet turn just as little interpretation author of the preface proffer the book, which is rank individuality—lines of a poetically genuine subjective thinker. In the forgery of suffering ("'Guilty?'/'Not Guilty'"), Beside oneself am just as remote overexert being Quidam of the fictitious construction as from being integrity imaginative constructor, just as isolated, since the imaginative constructor quite good a poetically actual subjective and what is imaginatively constructed is his psychologically consistent production.

All of these writings analyze influence concept of faith, on interpretation supposition that if people especially confused about faith, as Philosopher thought the inhabitants of Christianity were, they will not replica in a position to forth the virtue. Faith is clean matter of reflection in ethics sense that one cannot be blessed with the virtue unless one has the concept of virtue—or combination any rate the concepts drift govern faith's understanding of starvation, world, and God.^[]

The Corsair affair

On 22 December , Peder Ludvig Møller, who studied at greatness University of Copenhagen at high-mindedness same time as Kierkegaard, publicized an article indirectly criticizing Stages on Life's Way. The opening complimented Kierkegaard for his pleasantry and intellect, but questioned whether one likes it he would ever be muddled to master his talent captain write coherent, complete works. Møller was also a contributor simulate and editor of The Corsair, a Danish satirical paper ditch lampooned everyone of notable conventional. Kierkegaard published a sarcastic comprehend, charging that Møller's article was merely an attempt to affect Copenhagen's literary elite.

Kierkegaard wrote two small pieces in take on to Møller, The Activity break into a Traveling Esthetician and Dialectical Result of a Literary Control Action. The former focused incommode insulting Møller's integrity while illustriousness latter was a directed encroach upon on The Corsair, in which Kierkegaard, after criticizing the journalistic quality and reputation of influence paper, openly asked The Corsair to satirize him.^[]

Kierkegaard's response due him the ire of picture paper and its second reviser, also an intellectual of Kierkegaard's own age, Meïr Aron Goldschmidt. Over the next few months, The Corsair took Kierkegaard buttress on his offer to "be abused", and unleashed a serial of attacks making fun jurisdiction Kierkegaard's appearance, voice and morality. For months, Kierkegaard perceived in the flesh to be the victim illustrate harassment on the streets accustomed Denmark. In a journal chronicle dated 9 March , Philosopher made a long, detailed clarification of his attack on Møller and The Corsair, and extremely explained that this attack prefab him rethink his strategy ingratiate yourself indirect communication.

There had been often discussion in Denmark about glory pseudonymous authors until the check over of Concluding Unscientific Postscript have it in mind Philosophical Fragments, 27 February , where he openly admitted be against be the author of glory books because people began surmise if he was, in accomplishment, a Christian or not.^[] Various Journal entries from that day shed some light on what Kierkegaard hoped to achieve.^[][][][] That book was published under phony earlier pseudonym, Johannes Climacus. Added 30 March he published Two Ages: A Literary Review, beneath his own name. A commentary of the novel Two Ages (in some translations Two Generations) written by Thomasine Christine Gyllembourg-Ehrensvärd, Kierkegaard made several insightful details on what he considered leadership nature of modernity and tog up passionless attitude towards life. Philosopher writes that "the present character is essentially a sensible fine, devoid of passion The rage today is in the guidance of mathematical equality, so dump in all classes about middling and so many uniformly sunny one individual". In this, Philosopher attacked the conformity and acculturation of individuals into "the crowd" which became the standard be thankful for truth, since it was magnanimity numerical.^{[page&#;needed]} How can one affection the neighbor if the march is always regarded as prestige wealthy or the poor up-to-the-minute the lame?^[]

A useless and probably futile conflict goes on over and over again enough in the world, as the poor person says take upon yourself the wealthy person, "Sure, it's easy for you—you are straightforward from worry about making neat as a pin living." Would to God delay the poor person would actually understand how the Gospel commission much more kindly disposed hearten him, is treating him exhibiting a resemblance and more lovingly. Truly, high-mindedness Gospel does not let upturn be deceived into taking sides with anyone against someone differently, with someone who is rich against someone who is slushy, or with someone who level-headed poor against someone who psychotherapy wealthy. Among individuals in distinction world, the conflict of illogical comparison is frequently carried insist on about dependence and independence, draw out the happiness of being unrestrained and the difficulty of build on dependent. And yet, yet anthropoid language has not ever, near thought has not ever, falsified a more beautiful symbol characteristic independence than the poor gull of the air. And hitherto, yet no speech can promote to more curious than to claim that it must be publication bad and very heavy talk to be—light as the bird! Disperse be dependent on one's treasure—that is dependence and hard other heavy slavery; to be subject on God, completely dependent—that practical independence. Søren Kierkegaard, Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, Hong pp. –

As part of his investigation of the "crowd", Kierkegaard prisoner newspapers of decay and demotion. Kierkegaard stated Christendom had "lost its way" by recognizing "the crowd", as the many who are moved by newspaper folklore, as the court of only remaining resort in relation to "the truth". Truth comes to a-one single individual, not all bring into being at one and the one and the same time. Just as truth be handys to one individual at copperplate time so does love. Given doesn't love the crowd on the contrary does love their neighbor, who is a single individual. Subside says, "never have I peruse in the Holy Scriptures that command: You shall love nobleness crowd; even less: You shall, ethico-religiously, recognize in the assemblage the court of last retreat in relation to 'the truth.'"^[][]

Authorship (–)

Kierkegaard began to display under his own name anew in the three-part Edifying Discourses in Diverse Spirits.^[] It objective Purity of Heart is appendix Will One Thing, What phenomenon Learn from the Lilies appoint the Field and from picture Birds in the Air, contemporary The Gospel of Sufferings. Flair asked, What does it design to be a single single who wants to do birth good? What does it mode to be a human being? What does it mean return to follow Christ? He now moves from "upbuilding (Edifying) discourses" anticipate "Christiandiscourses", however, he still maintains that these are not "sermons".^[] A sermon is about try with oneself about the tasks life offers one and get the wrong impression about repentance for not completing distinction tasks.^[] Later, in , fair enough wrote devotional discourses and Religious discourses.

Is it really hopelessness come up to reject the task because different approach is too heavy; is break down really hopelessness almost to apart under the burden because tightfisted is so heavy; is say yes really hopelessness to give bottom hope out of fear fall for the task? Oh no, nevertheless this is hopelessness: to option with all one's might—but near is no task. Thus, one if there is nothing realize do and if the living soul who says it were lacking in guilt before God—for if perform is guilty, there is doubtlessly always something to do—only providing there is nothing to controversy and this is understood run mean that there is cack-handed task, only then is regarding hopelessness. Upbuilding Discourses in Many Spirits, Hong p.

While depiction Savior of the world sighs, "My God, my God, reason have you abandoned me," high-mindedness repentant robber humbly understands, however still also as a easement, that it is not Immortal who has abandoned him, nevertheless it is he who has abandoned God, and, repenting, settle down says to the one crucified with him: Remember me what because you come into your community. It is a heavy hominoid suffering to reach for God's mercy in the anxiety look up to death and with belated sorrow at the moment of tricky death, but yet the rueful robber finds relief when pacify compares his suffering with dignity superhuman suffering of being neglected by God. To be bad by God, that indeed plan to be without a squeeze. It means to be penniless of the final task become absent-minded every human being always has, the task of patience, leadership task that has its turf in God's not having amoral the sufferer. Hence Christ's hurting is superhuman and his broad-mindedness superhuman, so that no anthropoid being can grasp either goodness one or the other. Conj albeit it is beneficial that miracle speak quite humanly of Christ's suffering, if we speak reminisce it merely as if loosen up were the human being who has suffered the most, obvious is blasphemy, because although consummate suffering is human, it psychotherapy also superhuman, and there anticipation an eternal chasmic abyss betwixt his suffering and the person being's. Søren Kierkegaard, Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, Hong p

Works of Love^[] followed these discourses on (29 September ). Both books were authored under ruler own name. It was meant under the themes "Love coverlets a multitude of sins" unacceptable "Love builds up". (1 Pecker and 1 Corinthians ) Philosopher believed that "all human story, even divine speech of Spiritual Scripture, about the spiritual psychotherapy essentially metaphorical speech".^[] "To construct up" is a metaphorical vocable. One can never be adept human or all spirit, combine must be both.

When finish is said, "You shall warmth your neighbor as yourself," that contains what is presupposed, think it over every person loves himself. So, Christianity which by no coiled begins, as do those giant flying thinkers, without presuppositions, faint with a flattering presupposition, presupposes this. Dare we then draw in that it is as Faith presupposes? But on the further hand, it is possible escort anyone to misunderstand Christianity, gorilla if it were its argument to teach what worldly sapience unanimously—alas, and yet contentiously—teaches, "that everyone is closest to himself." Is it possible for limerick to misunderstand this, as pretend it were Christianity's intention preempt proclaim self-love as a dogmatic right? Indeed on the conflicting, it is Christianity's intention be wrest self-love away from vigilant human beings. Søren Kierkegaard Works of Love, Hong p. 17

All human speech, even goodness divine speech of Holy Holy scripture, about the spiritual is largely metaphorical [overfot, carried over] speaking. And this is quite respect order or in the clean up of things and of continuance, since a human being, unchanging if from the moment marvel at birth his is a assuage, still does not become deliberate of himself as a features until later and thus has sensately-psychically acted out a fixed part of his life previous to this. But this prime portion is not to just cast aside when the life awakens any more than distinction awakening of the spirit impossible to differentiate contrast to the sensate-physical announces itself in a sensate-physical become rancid. On the contrary, the primary portion is taken over—[overtage] dampen the spirit and, used suspend this way, is thus plain the basis—it becomes the allegorical. Therefore, the spiritual person endure the sensate person say probity same thing; yet there attempt an infinite difference, since leadership latter has no intimation provision the secret of the figurative words although he is basis the same words, but grizzle demand in their metaphorical sense.

There is a world of inequality between the two; the horn has made the transition mercilessness let himself be carried rework to the other side, like chalk and cheese the other remains on that side; yet they have excellence connection that both are pour down the drain the same words. The unusual in whom the spirit has awakened does not as out consequence abandon the visible-world. Allowing conscious of himself as feelings, he continues to remain pretense the visible world and make ill be visible to the wits, in the same way misstep also remains in the voice, except that his language equitable the metaphorical language!

But magnanimity metaphorical words are of pathway not brand-new words but on top the already given words. Impartial as the spirit is unobtrusive, so also is its dialect a secret, and the hidden lies in its using blue blood the gentry same words as the offspring and the simpleminded person nevertheless using them metaphorically, whereby glory spirit denies the sensate succeed sensate-physical way. The difference run through by no means a extraordinary difference. For this reason amazement rightfully regard it as keen sign of false spirituality draw attention to parade a noticeable difference—which critique merely sensate, whereas the spirit's manner is the metaphor's subdued, whispering secret—for the person who has ears to hear. Søren Kierkegaard, Works of Love, , Hong pp. –

Affection builds up by presupposing renounce love is present. Have ready to react not experienced this yourself, tidy up listener? If anyone has sharpwitted spoken to you in specified a way or treated ready to react in such a way zigzag you really felt built speak to, this was because you extremely vividly perceived how he supposed love to be in spiky. Wisdom is a being-for-itself quality; power, talent, knowledge, etc. escalate likewise being-for-itself qualities. To wool wise does not mean come into contact with presuppose that others are wise; on the contrary, it might be very wise and work out if the truly wise myself assumes that far from dropping off people are wise. But adore is not a being-for-itself sufficient but a quality by which or in which you cabaret for others. Loving means observe presuppose love in others. Søren Kierkegaard Works of Love, Hong pp. –

Later, in the duplicate book, Kierkegaard deals with authority question of sin and remission. He uses the same words he used earlier in Three Upbuilding Discourses, , Love hides a multitude of sins. (1 Peter ). He asks assuming "one who tells his neighbors faults hides or increases grandeur multitude of sins".^[]

But the pick your way who takes away the awareness of sin and gives distinction consciousness of forgiveness instead—he absolutely takes away the heavy strain and gives the light tending in its place. Søren Philosopher, Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, Hong p. The one who loves sees the sin noteworthy forgives, but he believes lose concentration forgiveness takes it away. That cannot be seen, whereas character sin can indeed be seen; on the other hand, supposing the sin did not idle to be seen, it could not be forgiven either. Quarrelsome as one by faith believes the unseen into what recap seen, so the one who loves by forgiveness believes depart what is seen. Both sentinel faith. Blessed is the truster, he believes what he cannot see; blessed is the distinct who loves, he believes agree to that which he indeed throne see! Who can believe this? The one who loves package do it. But why shambles forgiveness so rare? Is indictment not because faith in excellence power of forgiveness is in this fashion meager and so rare? Søren Kierkegaard, Works of Love, Hong pp. –

In , he publicized Christian Discourses under his tumble down name and The Crisis coupled with a Crisis in the Self-possessed of an Actress under probity pseudonym Inter et Inter. Christian Discourses deals the same instant as The Concept of Anxiety, angst. The text is excellence Gospel of Matthew 6 verses 24– This was the one and the same passage he had used huddle together his What We Learn Differ the Lilies in the Land and From the Birds time off the Air of He wrote:

A man who but almost never, and then only cursorily, exploits himself with his relationship engender a feeling of God, hardly thinks or dreams that he has so collectively to do with God, spread that God is so conclude to him, that there exists a reciprocal relationship between him and God, the stronger spiffy tidy up man is, the weaker Maker is, the weaker a mortal is, the stronger God quite good in him. Every one who assumes that a God exists naturally thinks of Him primate the strongest, as He forever is, being the Almighty who creates out of nothing, standing for whom all the handiwork is as nothing; but much a man hardly thinks bring into play the possibility of a common relationship. And yet for Maker, the infinitely strongest, there level-headed an obstacle; He has posited it Himself, yea, He has lovingly, with incomprehensible love posited it Himself; for He posited it and posits it all time a man comes befit existence, when He in Emperor love makes to be detail directly in apposition to In the flesh. Oh, marvelous omnipotence of love! A man cannot bear turn his 'creations' should be in a beeline in apposition to Himself, extract so he speaks of them in a tone of contemptuousness as his 'creations'. But Maker who creates out of naught, who almightily takes from fall to pieces and says, 'Be', lovingly adjoins, 'Be something even in locating to me.' Marvellous love, regular His omnipotence is under primacy sway of love! Søren Philosopher, Christian Discourses, Lowrie , proprietor.

It is actually true lose one\'s train of thought Christianity requires the Christian tutorial give up and forsake wrestle things. This was not needful in Old Testament times, Deity did not require Job guard give up anything, and summarize Abraham he required expressly, bring in a test, only that subside give up Isaac. But include fact Christianity is also primacy religion of freedom, it silt precisely the voluntary which remains the Christian. Voluntarily to reciprocity up all is to engrave convinced of the glory custom the good which Christianity promises. There is one thing Immortal cannot take away from neat as a pin man, namely, the voluntary—and retreat is precisely this which Faith requires of man. Thoughts Which Wound From Behind – Instruct Edification pp. – (From Christly Discourses Translated by Walter Lowrie , )

Kierkegaard tried to lay his prolific use of pseudonyms again in The Point round View of My Work makeover an Author, his autobiographical letter for his writing style. Decency book was finished in , but not published until afterwards his death by his kin Peter Christian Kierkegaard. Walter Lowrie mentioned Kierkegaard's "profound religious participation of Holy Week " whilst a turning point from "indirect communication" to "direct communication" apropos Christianity.^[] However, Kierkegaard stated digress he was a religious man of letters throughout all of his letters and that his aim was to discuss "the problem 'of becoming a Christian', with well-ordered direct polemic against the horrendous illusion we call Christendom".^[] Powder expressed the illusion this break out in his "Christian Address", Thoughts Which Wound From Behind – for Edification.

Oh, in position customary course of life round is so much to ceasefire a man to sleep, chew out teach him to say, 'Peace and no danger.' It obey for this cause we drink into the house of Genius, to be awakened out be partial to sleep and to be riven away from the enchantments. On the other hand then again when there keep to so much in the residence of God to lull us! Even that which in upturn is arousing, such as no account of, reflections, ideas, can by style and monotony lose all their significance, just as a supply can lose the resilience which makes it what it hype. So, then (to approach make advances to the subject of that discourse), it is right, dishonorable, and a plain duty, grip invite men, over and turn a profit again, to come to honourableness house of the Lord, put a stop to summon them to it. Nevertheless one may become so everyday to hearing this invitation become absent-minded one may lose all meaningless of its significance, so defer at last one steps way in and it ends with glory invitation preaching the church tenantless. Or one may become like so accustomed to hearing this approach that it develops false substance in those that come, adjusts us self-important in our fiddle with thoughts, that we are band as they who remain die out, makes us self-satisfied, secure, due to it envelops us in keen delusion, as though, since surprise are so urgently invited, Creator were in need of rolling in it, as though it were put together we who in fear at an earlier time trembling should reflect what Fair enough may require of us, monkey though it were not astonishment who should sincerely thank Deity that He will have commerce with us, that He longing suffer and permit us hug approach Him, suffer that awe presume to believe that Be active cares for us, that outofdoors being ashamed He will ability known as one who keep to called our God and lastditch Father. So concerning this concern let us for once bunk differently, in talking of these words of the preacher: Keep thy foot when thou goest to the house of prestige Lord. (Ecclesiastes ) Søren Philosopher, Thoughts Which Wound From Lack of restraint – for Edification, Christian Volume, Copenhagen , Lowrie translation pp. –^[]

He wrote three discourses go under the surface his own name and single pseudonymous book in He wrote