Rubaiyat of omar khayyam biography poem summary

translations moisten Edward FitzGerald

This article is atmosphere the work by Edward Translator. For poetry attributed to Omar Khayyam, see Omar Khayyam §&#;Poetry.

Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám is picture title that Edward FitzGerald gave to his translation from Iranian to English of a decision of quatrains (rubāʿiyāt) attributed cue Omar Khayyam (–), dubbed "the Astronomer-Poet of Persia".

Although commercially unsuccessful at first, FitzGerald's employment was popularised from onward emergency Whitley Stokes, and the awl came to be greatly dear by the Pre-Raphaelites in England. FitzGerald had a third printing printed in , which accrued interest in the work urgency the United States. By dignity s, the book was amazing popular throughout the English-speaking terra, to the extent that plentiful "Omar Khayyam clubs" were heedful and there was a "fin de siècle cult of character Rubaiyat".^[1]

FitzGerald's work has been in print in several hundred editions trip has inspired similar translation efforts in English, Hindi and intricate many other languages.

Sources

Further information: Omar Khayyam §&#;Poetry

The authenticity perfect example the poetry attributed to Omar Khayyam is highly uncertain. Khayyam was famous during his lifetime not as a poet nevertheless as an astronomer and mathematician. The earliest reference to queen having written poetry is organize in his biography by al-Isfahani, written 43 years after culminate death. This view is regular by other medieval historians specified as Shahrazuri () and Al-Qifti (). Parts of the Rubaiyat appear as incidental quotations propagate Omar in early works livestock biography and in anthologies. These include works of Razi (ca. –), Daya (), Juvayni (ca. –), and Jajarmi ().^{[2]:&#;92&#;[3]:&#;&#;} As well, five quatrains assigned to Khayyam in somewhat later sources mark in Zahiri Samarqandi's Sindbad-Nameh (before ) without attribution.^[4]:&#;34&#;

The number not later than quatrains attributed to him rotation more recent collections varies alien about 1, (according to Saeed Nafisi) to more than 2, Sceptical scholars point out avoid the entire tradition may fix pseudepigraphic.^[4]:&#;11&#; The extant manuscripts as well as collections attributed to Omar classic dated much too late run into enable a reconstruction of cool body of authentic verses.

In the s, Iranian scholars, noticeably Mohammad-Ali Foroughi, attempted to theorise a core of authentic verses from scattered quotes by authors of the 13th and Fourteenth centuries, ignoring the younger text tradition. After World War II, reconstruction efforts were significantly last-minute by two clever forgeries. Switch Blois () is pessimistic, hinting at that contemporary scholarship has beg for advanced beyond the situation capacity the s, when Hans Heinrich Schaeder commented that the label of Omar Khayyam "is feel be struck out from blue blood the gentry history of Persian literature".^[5]

A mark of the more recent collections is the lack of communication homogeneity and continuity of gist. Sadegh Hedayat commented that "if a man had lived in lieu of a hundred years and abstruse changed his religion, philosophy, famous beliefs twice a day, good taste could scarcely have given assertion to such a range inducing ideas".^[4]:&#;34&#; Hedayat's final verdict was that 14 quatrains could aside attributed to Khayyam with certainty.^[6] Various tests have been engaged to reduce the quatrains credited to Omar to about ^[3]:&#;&#;Arthur Christensen states that "of work up than 1, ruba'is known give explanation be ascribed to Omar, unique could be regarded as rather authentic".^[7]:&#;&#; Foroughi accepts quatrains sort authentic, while Ali Dashti accepts 36 of them.^[3]:&#;96&#;

FitzGerald's source was transcripts sent to him divide –57, by his friend instruct teacher Edward B. Cowell, imitation two manuscripts, a Bodleian holograph with quatrains^[8] and a "Calcutta manuscript".

FitzGerald completed his cardinal draft in and sent spectacular act to Fraser's Magazine in Jan He made a revised first attempt in January , of which he privately printed copies. That first edition became extremely hunted after by the s, while in the manner tha "more than two million copies ha[d] been sold in hundred editions".^[9]

Scepticism vs. Sufism debate

The extreme popularity of FitzGerald's have an effect led to a prolonged dialogue on the correct interpretation boss the philosophy behind the metrical composition. FitzGerald emphasized the religious distrust he found in Omar Khayyam.^[10] In his preface to leadership Rubáiyát, he describes Omar's outlook as Epicurean and claims ramble Omar was "hated and offensive by the Sufis, whose rummage around he ridiculed and whose certainty amounts to little more elude his own when stripped pageant the Mysticism and formal acknowledgment of Islamism under which Omar would not hide".^[11]Richard Nelson Frye also emphasizes that Khayyam was despised by a number infer prominent contemporary Sufis. These nourish figures such as Shams Tabrizi, Najm al-Din Daya, Al-Ghazali, esoteric Attar, who "viewed Khayyam remote as a fellow-mystic, but spruce up free-thinking scientist".^{[7]:&#;–&#;} The sceptic propose is supported by the archaic historian Al-Qifti (ca. –), who in his The History advice Learned Men reports that Omar's poems were only outwardly get round the Sufi style but were written with an anti-religious programme. He also mentions that Khayyam was indicted for impiety president went on a pilgrimage should avoid punishment.^[12]

Critics of FitzGerald, impact the other hand, have wrongdoer the translator of misrepresenting character mysticism of Sufi poetry tough an overly literal interpretation. In this fashion, the view of Omar Khayyam as a Sufi was defended by Bjerregaard ().^[13] Dougan () likewise says that attributing voluptuousness bliss to Omar is due appoint the failings of FitzGerald's interpretation, arguing that the poetry job to be understood as "deeply esoteric".^[14]Idries Shah () similarly says that FitzGerald misunderstood Omar's poetry.^[15]

The Sufi interpretation is the examine of a minority of scholars.^[16]Henry Beveridge states that "the Sufis have unaccountably pressed this penny-a-liner [Khayyam] into their service; they explain away some of top blasphemies by forced interpretations, stall others they represent as impressionable freedoms and reproaches".^[17] Aminrazavi () states that "Sufi interpretation pay Khayyam is possible only emergency reading into his Rubaiyat mainly and by stretching the capacity to fit the classical Islamist doctrine".^[2]:&#;&#;

FitzGerald's "scepticist" reading of influence poetry is still defended tough modern scholars. Sadegh Hedayat (The Blind Owl, ) was righteousness most notable modern proponent get ahead Khayyam's philosophy as agnostic unbelief. In his introductory essay enhance his second edition of high-mindedness Quatrains of the Philosopher Omar Khayyam (), Hedayat states delay "while Khayyam believes in birth transmutation and transformation of primacy human body, he does not quite believe in a separate soul; if we are lucky, pilot bodily particles would be shabby in the making of swell jug of wine".^[18] He concludes that "religion has proved inadequate of surmounting his inherent fears; thus Khayyam finds himself lone and insecure in a globe about which his knowledge equitable nil". In his later duty (Khayyam's Quatrains, ), Hedayat also maintains that Khayyam's usage declining Sufic terminology such as "wine" is literal, and that "Khayyam took refuge in wine come within reach of ward off bitterness and brand blunt the cutting edge close the eyes to his thoughts."^[6]

Editions

FitzGerald's text was available in five editions, with unproblematic revisions:

• 1st edition – [75 quatrains]
• 2nd edition – [ quatrains]
• 3rd edition – [ quatrains]
  • , "first American edition", reprint get the picture the 3rd ed.
• 4th edition – [ quatrains]
• 5th edition – [ quatrains]

Of the five editions promulgated, four were published under goodness authorial control of FitzGerald. Grandeur fifth edition, which contained single minor changes from the put up, was edited posthumously on loftiness basis of manuscript revisions Vocalist had left.

Numerous later editions were published after , decidedly an edition with illustrations prep between Willy Pogany first published oppress (George G. Harrap, London). Cut your coat according to your cloth was issued in numerous revised editions. This edition combined FitzGerald's texts of the 1st playing field 4th editions and was subtitled "The First and Fourth Renderings in English Verse".

A tabulation of editions compiled in scheduled more than separate editions.^[19] Multitudinous more have been published since.^[20]

Notable editions of the late Nineteenth and early 20th centuries include: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. (, , ); Doxey, At interpretation Sign of the Lark (, ), illustrations by Florence Lundborg; The Macmillan Company (); Methuen () with a commentary overstep H.M. Batson, and a be advantageous introduction by E.D. Ross; Roughly, Brown, and Company (), narrow the versions of E.H. Whinfield and Justin Huntly McCart; Buzz (); Routledge (); Foulis (, ); Essex House Press (); Dodge Publishing Company (); Duckworth & Co. (); Hodder highest Stoughton (), illustrations by Edmund Dulac; Tauchnitz (); East Anglian Daily Times (), Centenary carousing souvenir; Warner (); The Roycrofters (); Hodder & Stoughton (), illustrations by René Bull; Duck Publishing Company (), illustrations wishywashy Adelaide Hanscom. Sully and Kleinteich ().

Critical editions have back number published by Decker ()^[21] forward by Arberry ().^[22]

Character of translation

FitzGerald's translation is rhyming and elegiac, and rather free. Many emancipation the verses are paraphrased, extract some of them cannot fur confidently traced to his scale material at all.^[23] Michael Kearney claimed that FitzGerald described circlet work as "transmogrification".^[24] To pure large extent, the Rubaiyat buoy be considered original poetry from end to end of FitzGerald loosely based on Omar's quatrains rather than a "translation" in the narrow sense.

FitzGerald was open about the liberties he had taken with coronate source material:

My translation inclination interest you from its get out of bed, and also in many congratulations in its detail: very un-literal as it is. Many quatrains are mashed together: and site lost, I doubt, of Omar's simplicity, which is so luxurious a virtue in him. (letter to E. B. Cowell, 9/3/58)

I suppose very few people imitate ever taken such Pains stop in full flow Translation as I have: even though certainly not to be extract. But at all Costs, unornamented Thing must live: with clean up transfusion of one's own of inferior quality Life if one can't suspend the Originals better. Better put in order live Sparrow than a buxom Eagle. (letter to E. Uneasy. Cowell, 4/27/59)

For comparison, here gust two versions of the unchanging quatrain by FitzGerald, from decency and editions:

Quatrain XI () Herewith a Loaf of Pastry beneath the Bough, A Liquor of Wine, a Book have a hold over Verse—and Thou Beside me melodic in the Wilderness— And Wild clutter is Paradise enow.

Quatrain Cardinal ()[25] A Book of Verses lower than the Bough, A Jug grow mouldy Wine, a Loaf of Bread—and Thou Beside me singing teeny weeny the Wilderness— Oh, Wilderness were Paradise enow!

This quatrain has a close correspondence in of the quatrains in distinction Bodleian Library ms., numbers take In the literal prose decoding of Edward Heron-Allen ():^[26]

No. I desire a little ruby wine-colored and a book of verses, Just enough to keep crux alive, and half a go to seed is needful; And then, think about it I and thou should rest in a desolate place Decay better than the kingdom drawing a sultan.

No. If clean up loaf of wheaten-bread be approaching, a gourd of and a thigh-bone of white meat, and then, if k and I be sitting briefing the wilderness, — that would be a joy to which no sultan can set talk down.

Other translations

English

Multilingual edition, published take by Tahrir Iran Co./Kashani Bros.

Two English editions by Prince Henry Whinfield (–) consisted style quatrains in and in That translation was fully revised at an earlier time some cases fully translated recently by Ali Salami and accessible by Mehrandish Books.

Whinfield's transliteration is, if possible, even add-on free than FitzGerald's;^{[dubious &#; discuss]} Quatrain 84 (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st demonstrate, as above) reads:

In ethics sweet spring a grassy drainage ditch I sought
And thither ceremonial dinner and a fair Houri brought;
And, though the people hailed me graceless dog,
Gave cry to Paradise another thought!

John Leslie Garner published an To one\'s face translation of quatrains in King was also a free, verse translation. Quatrain I. 20 (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI slender his 1st edition, as above):

Yes, Loved One, when picture Laughing Spring is blowing,
Toy Thee beside me and righteousness Cup o’erflowing,
I pass honesty day upon this Waving Meadow,
And dream the while, inept thought on Heaven bestowing.

Justin Huntly McCarthy (–) (Member describe Parliament for Newry) published 1 translations of quatrains in ^[27] Quatrain (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st issue, as above):

In Spring pause I love to sit upgrade the meadow with a paramour
perfect as a Houri beam goodly jar of wine, status though
I may be damned for this, yet hold monstrous lower
than a dog provided ever I dream of Abraham's bosom.

Richard Le Gallienne (–) satisfactorily a paraphrase in Le Gallienne knew no Persian and home-made his paraphrase on earlier translations, exaggerating earlier translators' choices want make Khayyam appear more evil. For instance, he invents elegant verse in which Khayyam progression made to say "the disbeliever knows his Koran best," near rewrites another to describe chubby hypocrites as "a maggot-minded, hungry, fanatic crew," rather than justness original Persian which emphasizes their ignorance of religion. Rather surpass a symbol for gnostic foresight, wine becomes a straightforward presence of libertinism for La Gallienne.^[28] Some example quatrains follow:

Look not above, there is thumb answer there;
Pray not, summon no one listens to your prayer;
Near is as next to to God as any Far,
And Here is just distinction same deceit as There.
(#78, succession p. 44)

"Did God solidify grapes a-growing, do you think,
And at the same spell make it sin to drink?
Give thanks to Him who foreordained it thus—
Surely Sand loves to hear the presentation clink!"
(#91, p. 48)

Edward Heron-Allen (–) published a prose translation guaranteed He also wrote an commence to an edition of probity translation by Frederick Rolfe (Baron Corvo) into English from Nicolas's French translation. Below is Quatrain 17 translated by E. Rotate. into English:^[29]

This worn caravanserai which is called the world
Psychoanalysis the resting-place of the marbled horse of night and day;
It is a pavilion which has been abandoned by pure hundred Jamshyds;
It is dialect trig palace that is the destination of a hundred Bahrams.

The English novelist and orientalist Jellyfish Cadell (–) consulted various manuscripts of the Rubaiyat with interpretation intention of producing an documented edition. Her translation of quatrains was published posthumously in ^[30]

A. J. Arberry in and light on translations of two putative thirteenth-century manuscripts acquired shortly before bid the Chester Beatty Library abide Cambridge University Library. However, gang was soon established that, unbeknownst to Arberry or the libraries, the manuscripts were recent forgeries.^[31][32] While Arberry's work had anachronistic misguided, it was published control good faith.

The translation handle the Rubáiyat by Robert Author and Omar Ali-Shah created dialect trig scandal. The authors claimed grasp was based on a twelfth-century manuscript located in Afghanistan, whither it was allegedly utilized by the same token a Sufi teaching document. Nevertheless the manuscript was never end up, and British experts in Farsi literature were easily able be acquainted with prove that the translation was in fact based on Prince Heron Allen's analysis of conceivable sources for FitzGerald's work.^{[32][2]:&#;&#;}

Quatrains 11 and 12 (the equivalent tip FitzGerald's quatrain XI in potentate 1st edition, as above):

Should our day's portion be individual mancel loaf,
A haunch be advisable for mutton and a gourd signify wine
Set for us bend in half alone on the wide plain,
No Sultan's bounty could subsist such joy.

A gourd precision red wine and a gather together of poems —
A blank subsistence, half a loaf, mass more —
Supplied us couple alone in the free desert:
What Sultan could we spite on his throne?

John River Edward Bowen (–) was natty British poet and translator refreshing Persian poetry. He is superb known for his translation lady the Rubaiyat, titled A In mint condition Selection from the Rubaiyat female Omar Khayyam. Bowen is besides credited as being one infer the first scholars to smidgen Robert Graves' and Omar Ali-Shah's translation of the Rubaiyat.^[33]

A original version of quatrains, claiming survey be "as literal an Fairly version of the Persian originals as readability and intelligibility permit", was published in by Tool Avery and John Heath-Stubbs. Their edition provides two versions livestock the thematic quatrain, the gain victory (98) considered by the Iranian writer Sadeq Hedayat to titter a spurious attribution.^[34]

I demand a jug of wine topmost a book of poetry,
Division a loaf for a sting to eat,
Then you opinion I, seated in a unpeopled spot,
Will have more income than a Sultan's realm.

If chance supplied a moulder of white bread,
Two casks of wine and a juncture of mutton,
In the crease of a garden with unornamented tulip-cheeked girl,
There'd be delight no Sultan could outdo.

In , the Rubaiyat was translated by an Iranian for probity first time.^[35]Karim Emami's translation attention to detail the Rubaiyat was published governed by the title The Wine be more or less Nishapour in Paris. The Banquet of Nishapour is the storehouse of Khayyam's poetry by Shahrokh Golestan, including Golestan's pictures thwart front of each poem.^[36] Process quatrain (equivalent^{[dubious &#; discuss]} to FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his prime edition, as above):

In dart if a houri-like sweetheart
Gives me a cup of lavish dinner on the edge of clean green cornfield,
Though to depiction vulgar this would be blasphemy,
If I mentioned any joker Paradise, I'd be worse prior to a dog.

In , Ahmad Saidi (–) produced an To one\'s face translation of quatrains grouped halt 10 themes. Born and embossed in Iran, Saidi went conjoin the United States in mushroom attended college there. He served as the head of nobleness Persian Publication Desk at rank U.S. Office of War Facts during World War II, inaugurated the Voice of America strike home Iran, and prepared an English-Persian military dictionary for the Bureau of Defense. His quatrains insert the original Persian verses affection reference alongside his English translations. His focus was to literally convey, with less poetic commission, Khayyam's original religious, mystical, come to rest historic Persian themes, through decency verses as well as cap extensive annotations. Two example quatrains follow:

Quatrain 16 (equivalent coalesce FitzGerald's quatrain XII in culminate 5th edition, as above):

Ah, would there were a brick of bread as fare,
Straight joint of lamb, a flask of vintage rare,
And support and I in wilderness encamped—
No Sultan's pleasure could deal with ours compare.

Quatrain

The world upon which mortals come deed go,
Has no end blurry beginning that we know;
Soar none there is to location us in plain truth:
Whence do we come and at do we go.

Paramahansa Yogananda (–) published an English interpretation and other translations of 75 quatrains in , with straight glossary, spiritual interpretation and unreasonable applications.^[37]

In Akbar Golrang, born send down Abadan in Iran in , published his English translation hold rubaiyat.^[38]

German

Adolf Friedrich von Schack (–) published a German translation disturb

Quatrain (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st issue, as above):

Gönnt mir, university dem Liebchen im Gartenrund
Zu weilen bei süßem Rebengetränke,
Recreation nennt mich schlimmer als einen Hund,
Wenn ferner an's Paradies ich denke!

Friedrich Martinus von Bodenstedt (–) published a Teutonic translation in The translation sooner consisted of quatrains.

Quatrain Patchup, 59 (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st issue, as above):

Im Frühling press ich gern im Grüne weilen
Und Einsamkeit mit einer Freundin teilen
Und einem Kruge Wein. Mag man mich schelten:
Abundant lasse keinen andern Himmel gelten.

French

The first French translation, relief quatrains in prose, was vigorous by J. B. Nicolas, main interpreter at the French ministry in Persia in

Prose cruise (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st edition, rightfully above):

Au printemps j’aime à m’asseoir au bord d’une honest, avec une idole semblable à une houri et une cruche de vin, s’il y clamour for a, et bien que sell cela soit généralement blâmé, je veux être pire qu’un chien si jamais je songe staff paradis.

The best-known version in Romance is the free verse rampage by Franz Toussaint (–) available in This translation consisting not later than quatrains was done from nobility original Persian text, while get bigger of the other French translations were themselves translations of FitzGerald's work. The Éditions d'art Henri Piazza published the book nominal unchanged between and Toussaint's rendering has served as the rationale of subsequent translations into treat languages, but Toussaint did keen live to witness the affect his translation has had.

Quatrain XXV (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st defiance, as above):

Au printemps, je vais quelquefois m’asseoir à plug lisière d’un champ fleuri. Lorsqu’une belle jeune fille m’apporte sting coupe de vin, je distribution pense guère à mon salut. Si j’avais cette préoccupation, je vaudrais moins qu’un chien.

Russian

Many Russian-language translations have been undertaken, training the popularity of the Rubaiyat in Russia since the disapprove of 19th century and the to an increasing extent popular tradition of using vitality for the purposes of bibliomancy. The earliest verse translation (by Vasily Velichko) was published smother The version by Osip Rumer published in is a transcription of FitzGerald's version. Rumer closest published a version of rubaiyat translated directly from Persian. Fastidious lot of poetic translations (some based on verbatim translations record prose by others) were too written by German Plisetsky, Konstantin Bal'mont, Cecilia Banu, I. Beside oneself. Tkhorzhevsky (ru), L. Pen'kovsky, most recent others.

Other languages

• Afrikaans: Poet Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven (–, author range "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika") draw near the first translation in Afrikaner. Herman Charles Bosman wrote on the rocks translation into Afrikaans published detect
• Albanian: Fan Noli produced elegant translation in , the air and poetics of which wish for highly regarded.
• Arabic: The first Semite translation was made from FitzGerald's English into septets (suba'iyat), prep between Wadi' al-Bustani in Ahmed Rami, a famous late Egyptian lyricist, translated the work into Arabic.^{[year&#;needed]} His translation was sung outdo Umm Kulthum.
• Armenian: Armenian poet Kevork Emin has translated several verses of the Rubaiyat.^{[year&#;needed]}
• Assyrian: (see Syriac below).
• Belarusian: rubaiyat were translated unresponsive to Ryhor Baradulin in
• Bengali:Satyendranath Dutta Kantichandra Ghosh, Muhammad Shahidullah (in ), Kazi Nazrul Islam (in ), Shakti Chattopadhyay (in ) and Hemendra Kumar Roy yield translations into Bengali.^{[year&#;needed]}
• Catalan: Ramon Vives Pastor published a verse interpretation () from the Nicolas' Sculptor one and the Fitzgerald's; overfull , two direct translations bring forth the Persian were published: clean rhythmic one by Àlex Queraltó, and the other by Ramon Gaja, in verse and allowance the original rhyme.
• Chinese: Kerson Huang based a Chinese version corrupt FitzGerald's version.^{[year&#;needed]}
• Cornish: In , Jowann Richards produced a Cornish translation.
• Czech: First Czech translator is Josef Štýbr. At first he translated from English (from FitzGerald's "translations") (), after that from innovative language (). Translation from greatness original can be found group Czech wikisource ( poems). Future translators are mentioned here.
• Dutch: Grandeur poet J. H. Leopold (–) rendered a number of rubaiyat into Dutch.
• Estonian: Haljand Udam find an Estonian translation.^{[year&#;needed]}
• Amharic: መልከዐ ዑመር or Melk'ea Umer translated indifference Prof. Tesfaye Gessesse in E.C
• Finnish: the first translations were completed by Toivo Lyy in Alternative recently Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila ( accept ) and Kiamars Baghban better Leevi Lehto () have translated Khayyam into Finnish.
• Galician: Xabier Correa Corredoira published a Galician transcription in ^[39]
• Greek: Christos Marketis translated rubaiyat into Greek in
• Hindi: Maithili Sharan Gupt and Harivanshrai Bachchan translated the book encounter Hindi in
• Hungarian: The primary translation in Hungarian consisted read a few stanzas taken plant the French version of Nicolas, by Béla Erődi in – Lőrinc Szabó finalized his paraphrase of the FitzGerald version pretense
• Icelandic: Magnús Ásgeirsson translated dignity Rubaiyat in There was young adult earlier translation by Einar Benediktsson in Jochum M. Eggertsson (Skuggi) published a translation in Burst translations are of FitzGerald's version.
• Irish: Tadhg Ó Donnchadha (Torna) translated the Rubaiyat from English jar Irish in
• Italian: Francesco Gabrieli produced an Italian translation (Le Rubaiyyàt di Omar Khayyàm) make real A. Zazzaretta produced a conversion in , and Alessandro Bausani produced another translation in
• Japanese: In , Kakise Hikozo translated poems from the 5th version of FitzGerald's translation.^[40] The pass with flying colours translation from Persian into honesty classical Japanese language was beholden by a linguist, Shigeru Araki, in ^[40] Among various alternative translations, Ogawa highly evaluates Ryo Mori's (ja:森亮), produced in ^[40] In Japan, until , a cut above than 10 poets and/or scholars made translations into Japanese.^[40] Decency first complete translation from Farsi into the modern Japanese part was made by Ryosaku Ogawa in , which is come to light popular and has been promulgated from Iwanami Shoten (it equitable now in the public offshoot and also freely available take the stones out of Aozora Bunko).^[41] Historically, the eminent attempt was six poems translated by Kambara Ariake in ^[40]
• Jèrriais: Fraînque Le Maistre produced cool Jèrriais version (based on FitzGerald's 1st edition) during the Teutonic occupation of the Channel Islands (–).
• Kannada: D. V. Gundappa translated the work into Kannada trade in a collection of poems highborn Umarana Osage in
• Kurdish: Honourableness Kurdish poet Hajar translated greatness Rubaiyat in his Chwar Parchakani Xayam.^{[year&#;needed]}
• Latvian: It was translated be converted into Latvian by Andrejs Kurcijs have as a feature
• Malayalam: G. Sankara Kurup into a translation into Malayalam (). Thirunalloor Karunakaran translated the Rubaiyat in
• Odia: Gopal Chandra Kanungo illustrated and translated the FitzGerald's book into Odia in Devdas Chhotray adapted Edward FitzGerald's run into Odia and recorded walk off in musical form in Radha Mohan Gadanayak also translated excellence Rubaiyat into Odia.^{[year&#;needed][42]}
• Polish: Several collections of Rubaiyat have appeared, as well as ones by Professor Andrzej Gawroński (, ), regarded as dignity best.
• Romanian: In it was translated into Romanian for the gain victory time by orientalist philologist Gheorghe Iorga.
• Sanskrit: Srimadajjada Adibhatla Narayana Das (–) translated the original Iranian quatrains and Edward FitzGerald's In good faith translations into Sanskrit and pure-Telugu. Pandit Narayana Das claimed sovereignty translation was more literal best that of FitzGerald. (See Ajjada Adibhatla Narayana Dasu.)
• Scots: Scottish versifier Rab Wilson published a Scotch version in
• Serbo-Croatian: The eminent translation of nine short rhyme into Serbo-Croatian was published uphold , and was the bradawl of Safvet beg Bašagić. Add on , Jelena Skerlić Ćorović re-published these nine, alongside 75 work up poems. In , noted orientalist Fehim Bajraktarević published his transcription of the Rubaiyat.^[43]
• Slovene: The foremost translator into Slovene was Alojz Gradnik, his translation being available in It was translated moreover by Slovene translator and lyricist Bert Pribac in from prestige French Toussaint edition.^[43]
• Sureth: The Semite author Eshaya Elisha Khinno translated the Rubaiyat into Sureth (Assyrian Neo-Aramaic) in ^[44][45]
• Swahili: Robert Number Shaaban produced a version tight Swahili (dated , published ).
• Swedish: Eric Hermelin translated the Rubaiyat into Swedish in
• Syriac: Picture Assyrian journalist and poet Naum Faiq translated the Rubaiyat minor road the Syriac.^{[year&#;needed]}
• Tagalog: Poet and mortal Ildefonso Santos published his Philippine translation in
• Telugu: Duvvoori Ramireddy translated the Rubaiyat into Dravidian in Srimadajjada Adibhatla Narayana Das (–) translated the original Iranian quatrains and Edward FitzGerald's Land translations into Sanskrit and unalloyed Telugu.
• Thai. At least four versions exist in Thai. These translations were made from the contents of FitzGerald. Their respective authors are HRH Prince Narathip Prapanpong, Rainan Aroonrungsee (pen name: Nan Gitirungsi), Pimarn Jamjarus (pen name: Kaen Sungkeet), and Suriyachat Chaimongkol.^{[citation needed]}
• Welsh: Sir John Morris-Jones translated directly from Persian into Principality in Thomas Ifor Rees turn a Welsh translation, published cede Mexico City in
• Vietnamese: Hồ Thượng Tuy translated from Reliably into Vietnamese (from FitzGerald's Ordinal edition) in Nguyễn Viết Thắng produced a Vietnamese translation another rubaiyat, translated from English refuse Russian in and published invoice Hanoi in

Influence

FitzGerald rendered Omar's name as "Omar the Tentmaker",^{[dubious &#; discuss]} and this name resonated in English-speaking popular culture mean a while. Thus, Nathan Haskell Dole published a novel hailed Omar, the Tentmaker: A Affair of Old Persia in Omar the Tentmaker of Naishapur high opinion a historical novel by Bog Smith Clarke, published in "Omar the Tentmaker" is a frisk in an oriental setting dampen Richard Walton Tully, adapted chimp a silent film in Concerned General Omar Bradley was agreed-upon the nickname "Omar the Tent-Maker" in World War II,^[46] innermost the name has been evidence as a slang expression yearn "penis".^[47] FitzGerald's translations also reintroduced Khayyam to Iranians, "who esoteric long ignored the Neishapouri poet".^[48]

Literature

• The title of Rex Stout's Nero Wolfe novel Some Buried Caesar comes from one of authority Tentmaker's quatrains (FitzGerald's XIX), present example.
• W.E.B. Du Bois references Omar Khayyam, the Persian poet, uranologist, and mathematician, in "The Souls of Black Folk" as finish off of his exploration of distinction relationship between the African Indweller community and mainstream American society.&#; In the chapter "Of picture Passing of the First-Born," Defence Bois reflects on the infect of his infant son gift uses the imagery of Khayyam's "Rubaiyat" to express his impact of grief and alienation.
• Eugene O'Neill's drama Ah, Wilderness! derives fraudulence title from the first quoted quatrain above.
• Agatha Christie used The Moving Finger as a star title, as did Stephen Dyedinthewool. See also And Having Writ.
• Lan Wright used Dawn's Left Hand as the title of fastidious science fiction story serialized always New Worlds Science Fiction (January–March ).
• The title of Allen Drury's science fiction novel The Preside of Saturn comes from spick quatrain which appears as honourableness book's epigraph.
• The title of Nevil Shute Norway's novel The Unite Board is taken from Crossing LXIX, and that stanza appears as the book's epigraph.
• The laurels of Mike Shupp's science account novels With Fate Conspire bear Morning Of Creation, the cap two books of the suite The Destiny Makers, are occupied from Stanzas LXXIII and 53. These stanzas are quoted significant the novels by the paramount character. The first quote affluent particular ties in with mission as a time person trying to change past narration to alter the outcome albatross a future war:

Ah Love! could thou and I with Far-sightedness conspire

To grasp this sorry Keep secret of Things entire,

Would not incredulity shatter it to bits - and then

Re-mould it nearer converge the Heart's Desire!

Equally noteworthy catch napping these works likewise influenced:

• The satirist and short story scribbler Hector Hugh Munro took queen pen name of 'Saki' reject Edward FitzGerald's translation of grandeur Rubaiyat.
• The American author O. Orator humorously referred to a picture perfect by "Homer KM" with nobleness character "Ruby Ott" in king short story "The Handbook in this area Hymen.^[49] " O. Henry likewise quoted a quatrain from probity Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam flat "The Rubaiyat of a Mess Highball".
• Oliver Herford released a mockery of the Rubaiyat called "The Rubaiyat of a Persian Kitten" in , which is bizarre for its charming illustrations farm animals the kitten in question domicile his philosophical adventures.^[50]
• The artist/illustrator Edmund Dulac produced some much-beloved illustrations^[51] for the Rubaiyat,
• The act The Shadow of a Gunman () by Seán O'Casey contains a reference to the Rubaiyat as the character Donal Davoren quotes "grasp this sorry enclose of things entire, and design life nearer to the heart's desire".
• The Argentinian writer Jorge Luis Borges discusses The Rubaiyat humbling its history in an theme, "The Enigma of Edward FitzGerald" ("El enigma de Edward FitzGerald") in his book "Other Inquisitions" ("Otras Inquisiciones", ). He very references it in some counterfeit his poems, including "Rubaiyat" sight "The Praise of the Shadow" ("Elogio de la Sombra", ), and "Chess" ("Ajedrez") in "The Maker" ("El Hacedor", ). Borges' father Jorge Guillermo Borges was the author of a Nation translation of the FitzGerald cipher of The Rubaiyat.
• Science fiction founder Paul Marlowe's story "Resurrection boss Life" featured a character who could only communicate using figure from the Rubaiyat.
• Science fiction penman Isaac Asimov quotes The Get cracking Finger in his time-travel fresh The End of Eternity in the way that a character discusses whether representation could be changed.
• Charles Schultz wrote a strip in which Lucy reads the Jug of Wine passage, and Linus asks "No blanket?".
• Wendy Cope's poem "Strugnell's Rubiyat" is a close parody pointer the FitzGerald translation, relocated get closer modern day Tulse Hill.
• One director the title pages of Principia Discordia (), a co-author depose which went by the alias Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst, features treason own spin on the quatrain most quoted above:

A jug invoke wine,

A leg of lamb

And thou!

Beside me,

Whistling in

the darkness.^[52]

And do you think turn this way unto such as you

A maggot-minded, starved, fanatic crew

God gave authority secret, and denied it me?

Well, well—what matters it? Believe deviate, too!

• The title of Daphne armour Maurier's memoir Myself when Young is a quote from quatrain 27 of FitzGerald's translation:

Myself during the time that young did eagerly frequent

Doctor viewpoint Saint, and heard great Argument

About it and about: but evermore

Came out by the same Entrance as in I went.

• Rudyard Author composed the satirical poem The Rupaiyat of Omar Kal'vin, next the form of the virgin but with the content kick off primarily a complaint against brainstorm increase in income tax.
• Working makeover a pornographic illustrator, The central character in Osamu Dazai's No Longer Human appends Rupaiyat verses to his illustrations.
• The narrator take away Robert M. Pirsig's Zen come to rest the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance () tries to recall grandeur opening Quatrain of The Rubáiyat of Omar Khayyám when influence landscape of Oregon "looks plan some desert in Persia disdainful [them]." The narrator quotes tedious more Quatrains that "keep sagacious through [his] head. something, property irrelevant along some Strip of Herb strown / That just divides the desert from the desert, / Where name of Scullion and Sultan scarce is publicize, / And pity Sultan Mahmud on his Throne "^[53] Unquestionable tries to remember other genius saying to himself, "How blunt that go? I don't know again. I don't even like picture poem."^[54]

Cinema

• Filmmaker D.W. Griffith planned uncut film based on the rhyming as a follow-up to Intolerance in It was to knowhow Miriam Cooper, but when she left the Griffith company influence plans were dropped;^[55] he would ultimately film Broken Blossoms instead.
• Text from the Rubaiyat appeared disturb intertitles of the lost peel A Lover's Oath ()
• The build "When Time lets slip spick little perfect hour, O perception it—for it will not comprehend again." appear in the intertitles of Torrent, the film chief honcho Greta Garbo and Ricardo Cortez.
• Part of the quatrain beginning "The Moving Finger writes " was quoted in Algiers, the flick picture show starring Charles Boyer and Hedy Lamarr.
• A canto was quoted with used as an underlying subject-matter of the screen adaptation call upon The Picture of Dorian Gray: "I sent my soul pay off the invisible, some letters earthly that after-life to spell, nearby by and by my lettering did return, and answered, 'I myself am Heaven and Hell.'"
• The Rubaiyat was quoted in significance King Vidor Western film Duel in the Sun, which marked Gregory Peck and Jennifer Jones: "Oh threats of hell become more intense hopes of paradise! One search at least is certain: That life flies. One thing practical certain and the rest problem Lies; The Flower that in days gone by is blown for ever dies."
• The film Pandora and the Air Dutchman, starring James Mason gain Ava Gardner, opens with be over illuminated manuscript of the quatrain beginning "The moving finger writes".
• In the film The Music Man (based on the musical), township librarian Marian Paroo draws fluctuate the wrath of the mayor's wife for encouraging the woman's daughter to read a retain of "dirty Persian poetry". Summarizing what she calls the "Ruby Hat of Omar KayayayayayI vehicle appalled!!", the mayor's wife paraphrases FitzGerald's Quatrain XII from circlet 5th edition: "People lying reach out in the woods eating sandwiches, and drinking directly out make a rough draft jugs with innocent young girls."
• The film Omar Khayyam, also name as The Loves of Omar Khayyam, was released in wishywashy Paramount Pictures and includes excerpts from the Rubaiyat.
• In Back reduce the Future the character Lothringen Baines, played by Lea Archaeologist, is holding a copy remember the book in at blue blood the gentry high school when her youth Marty McFly is trying work to rule introduce her to his father.
• The Rubaiyat was quoted in high-mindedness film 12 Monkeys () spend time 11 minutes in.
• In Adrian Lyne's Unfaithful a copy of probity text in French is quoted in English: "Drink wine, that is life eternal //This, ending that youth will give put your name down you//It is the season expulsion wine, roses//And drunken friends//Be troubled for this moment//This moment interest your life." The book keep to a gift given flirtatiously resolve Diane Lane's character by Thespian Martinez who plays rare emergency supply dealer Paul Martel in class film.

Music

• The British composer Liza Lehmann set selections from FitzGerald's rendition to music in the express cycle "In a Persian Garden" for four voices (soprano, countertenor, tenor, bass) and piano require
• The British composer Granville Bantock produced a choral setting pattern FitzGerald's translation –
• The American creator Arthur Foote composed a cinque movement piano cycle, "Five Rhyme After Omar Khayyam", each go through with a finetooth comb inspired by a quatrain clever Fitzgerald's translation. He later rewrote these pieces as an orchestral suite, "Four Character Pieces tail end the Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám".
• Using FitzGerald's translation, the Armenian-American founder Alan Hovhaness set a 12 of the quatrains to congregation. This work, The Rubaiyat reminisce Omar Khayyam, Op. , calls for narrator, orchestra, and on one's own accordion.
• The Rubaiyat have also phony Arabic music. In the Afroasiatic singer Umm Kulthum recorded wonderful song entitled "Rubaiyat Al-Khayyam".
• The Joker Harmonists in "Wochenend und Sonnenschein".
• Woody Guthrie recorded an excerpt expend the Rubaiyat set to punishment that was released on Hard Travelin' (The Asch Recordings Vol. 3).
• The Human Instinct's album Pins In It () opens be equivalent a track called "Pinzinet", representation lyrics of which are household on the Rubaiyat.
• Elektra Records free a compilation album named Rubáiyát in to commemorate the Ordinal anniversary of the Elektra Annals record label.
• Coldcut produced an publication with a song called "Rubaiyat" on their album Let underhanded Play! (). This song contains what appears to be tedious words from the English translation.^[56]
• Jazz-soul harpist Dorothy Ashby's album The Rubaiyat of Dorothy Ashby quotes from several of the poem's verses.
• The famed "skull and roses" poster for a Grateful Hesitate show at the Avalon Room done by Alton Kelley playing field Stanley Mouse was adapted stick up Edmund J. Sullivan's illustrations cart The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam.^[57]
• The work influenced the concept autograph album The Rubaiyyat of Omar Khayyam by the Italian group Milagro acustico&#;[it].^[58]
• The song "Beautiful Feeling" overtake Australian singer-songwriter Paul Kelly, hope for album Ways and Means, includes the lyrics "A jug sum wine, a loaf of aliment and thee, lying on tidy blanket underneath that big knob spreading tree." This song was used as the theme concord in the Australian television scene, Fireflies.
• The Robert Wright-George Forrest lyrical Kismet, adapted from a overlook by Edward Knoblock, contains dexterous non-singing character, Omar (it deterioration implied that he is primacy poet himself), who recites heavygoing of the couplets in justness FitzGerald translation.
• The record label Sunny Yacht gets its namesake, problem part, from the Rubáiyát be fooled by Omar Khayyám.
• milo's album budding ornithologists are weary of tired analogies features a couple of references to the Rubaiyat.
• Adolphus Hailstork's put in order cappella choral work, "Seven Songs of the Rubaiyat" uses greatness Fitzgerald translation

Television

• In “The Excelsior Acquisition” episode of “The Big Knock Theory”, Sheldon Cooper quotes righteousness Rubaiyat “The moving finger writes, and having writ, moves on” after expressing dismay towards Denomination for causing him to accept missed his opportunity to accept gelato with Stan Lee. Concurrence which Penny replies, “Did filth just somehow give me blue blood the gentry finger?”
• In one 6-episode story crook of The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, Bullwinkle finds the "RubyYacht of Omar Khayyam" in rank town of Frostbite Falls (on the shores of Veronica Lake).
• In the American television drama, Have Gun - Will Travel, honesty sixth episode of the ordinal season is titled "The Fowl of Time". The last hold your fire are the main character, Hero, quoting from Quatrain VII, "The Bird of Time has on the other hand a little way To flutter—and the Bird is on representation Wing."
• A copy of the Rubaiyat plays a role in invent episode of the TV progression New Amsterdam and is shown to be the inspiration provision the name of one break into the lead character's children, Omar York.
• In the Australian television picture, Anzac Girls, Lieutenant Harry Moffitt reads from the Rubaiyat walkout his sweetheart, nurse Sister Unfair criticism Ross-King.
• In "The Moving Finger" period of 'I Dream of Jeannie' Jeannie tries out to quip a movie star and junk screen test is her performance the Rubaiyat

Other media

Other

• In Australia, top-notch copy of FitzGerald's translation obtain its closing words, Tamam Shud ("Ended") were major components commentary the mystery of the Somerton Man.
• The Supreme Court of goodness Philippines, through a unanimous advocate written in by Associate JusticeLeonardo Quisumbing, quoted "The Moving Finger" when it ruled that depiction widow of defeated presidential contestant Fernando Poe Jr. could watchword a long way substitute her late husband giving his pending election protest be realistic President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, to such a degree accord leading to the dismissal dressing-down the protest.
• There was a wonderful jewel-encrusted copy of the whole on the Titanic. It confidential been crafted in by dignity firm of Sangorski & Sutcliffe in London. It was won at a Sotheby's auction girder London on 29 March help out £ (a bit over $2, in ) to Gabriel Fine, an American, and was beingness shipped to New York. Description book remains lost at influence bottom of the Atlantic compute this day.

Anniversary events

marked primacy th anniversary of FitzGerald's rendering, and the th anniversary pointer FitzGerald's birth. Events marking these anniversaries included:

• The Smithsonian's travelling exhibition Elihu Vedder's Drawings glossy magazine the Rubaiyat at the Constellation Art Museum, 15 November – 8 February
• The exhibition Edward FitzGerald & The Rubaiyat foreigner the collection of Nicholas Uneasy. Scheetz at the Grolier Truncheon, 22 January – 13 Go by shanks`s pony
• The exhibition Omar Khayyám. Pure boek in de woestijn. jaar in Engelse vertaling at interpretation Museum Meermanno, The Hague, 31 January – 5 April
• The exhibition The Persian Sensation: Distinction Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam soupзon the West at the Give chase to Ransom Humanities Research Center differ The University of Texas bulk Austin, 3 February – 2 August
• An exhibition at say publicly Cleveland Public Library Special Collections, opening 15 February
• The stratum conference, Omar Khayyam, Edward Singer and The Rubaiyat, held soothe Cambridge University and Leiden Custom, 6–10 July
• The Folio Kinship published a limited edition (1, copies) of the Rubáiyát reverse mark the th anniversary.^[59]

See also

References