Dr christiaan barnard biography early life

Christiaan Barnard

South African cardiac surgeon (–)

"Chris Barnard" redirects here. For succeeding additional uses, see Chris Barnard (disambiguation).

Christiaan Neethling Barnard (8&#;November &#;&#; 2&#;September ) was a South African cardiac surgeon who performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant operation.[1][2] On 3 December , Barnard transplanted the heart of mistake victim Denise Darvall into blue blood the gentry chest of year-old Louis Washkansky, who regained full consciousness careful was able to talk directly with his wife, before parched athirst 18 days later of pneumonia, largely brought on by illustriousness anti-rejection drugs that suppressed circlet immune system.[3][4][5][6] Barnard had phonetic Mr. and Mrs. Washkansky divagate the operation had an 80% chance of success, an categorization which has been criticised chimp misleading.[7][8][9] Barnard's second transplant acquiescent, Philip Blaiberg, whose operation was performed at the beginning bazaar , returned home from probity hospital and lived for top-hole year and a half.[5][10]

Born pop into Beaufort West, Cape Province, Barnard studied medicine and practised bolster several years in his pick South Africa.[5] As a green doctor experimenting on dogs, Barnard developed a remedy for interpretation infant defect of intestinal atresia. His technique saved the lives of ten babies in Standpoint Town and was adopted timorous surgeons in Britain and dignity United States.[11] In , yes travelled to the United States and was initially assigned also gastrointestinal work by Owen President Wangensteen at the University help Minnesota.[12] He was introduced like the heart-lung machine, and Barnard was allowed to transfer choose the service run by untreated heart surgery pioneer Walt Lillehei.[13] Upon returning to South Continent in , Barnard was ordained head of the Department company Experimental Surgery at the Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town.[14]

He withdraw as head of the Commission of Cardiothoracic Surgery in Standpoint Town in after rheumatoid arthritis in his hands ended empress surgical career. He became affected in anti-aging research, and get a move on his reputation suffered when type promoted Glycel, an expensive "anti-aging" skin cream, whose approval was withdrawn by the United States Food and Drug Administration before long thereafter. During his remaining grow older, he established the Christiaan Barnard Foundation, dedicated to helping destitute children throughout the world. Type died in at the sour of 78 after an asthma attack.

Early life

Barnard was foaled on November 8, and grew up in Beaufort West, Peninsula Province, Union of South Africa.[15] His father, Adam Barnard, was a minister in the Land Reformed Church.[4] One of queen four brothers, Abraham, was spiffy tidy up "blue baby" who died snare a heart problem at rectitude age of three (Barnard would later guess that it was tetralogy of Fallot). The race also experienced the loss enjoy yourself a daughter who was unfruitful and who had been position fraternal twin of Barnard's elderly brother Johannes, who was 12 years older than Christiaan.[16] Barnard matriculated from the Beaufort Westside High School in , focus on went to study medicine comatose the University of Cape Oppidan Medical School, where he borrowed his MB ChB in

His father served as a minister to mixed-race people. His curb, the former Maria Elisabeth storm Swart, instilled in the persisting brothers the belief that they could do anything they opening their minds to.[5]

Career

Barnard did cap internship and residency at nobleness Groote Schuur Hospital in Peninsula Town, after which he swayed as a general practitioner make a fuss Ceres, a rural town agreement the Cape Province.[4] In , he returned to Cape Locality where he worked at class City Hospital as a Known Resident Medical Officer, and jammy the Department of Medicine horizontal Groote Schuur as a registrar.[4] He completed his master's percentage, receiving Master of Medicine look from the University of Ness Town. In the same twelvemonth he obtained a doctorate interior medicine (MD) from the very alike university for a dissertation called "The treatment of tuberculous meningitis".

Soon after qualifying as trig doctor, Barnard performed experiments place dogs while investigating intestinal atresia, congenital, life-threatening obstructions in representation intestines. He followed a therapeutic hunch that this was caused by inadequate blood flow jump in before the fetus. After nine months and forty-three attempts, Barnard was able to reproduce this unwillingness in a fetus puppy unused tying off some of class blood supply to a puppy's intestines and then placing significance animal back in the mould, after which it was innate some two weeks later, down the condition of intestinal atresia. He was also able brand cure the condition by extermination the piece of intestine fellow worker inadequate blood supply. The fallacy of previous surgeons had antiquated attempting to reconnect ends exhaust intestine which themselves still confidential inadequate blood supply. To print successful, it was typically needed to remove between 15 stomach 20 centimeters of intestine (6 to 8 inches). Jannie Louw used this innovation in graceful clinical setting, and Barnard's manner saved the lives of overwhelm babies in Cape Town. That technique was also adapted be oblivious to surgeons in Britain and interpretation US. In addition, Barnard analyzed cases of tubercular meningitis.[11]

Owen Wangensteen at the University of Minnesota in the United States difficult to understand been impressed by the be anxious of Alan Thal, a adolescent South African doctor working suspend Minnesota. Wangensteen asked the Groote Schuur Head of Medicine Can Brock if he might make familiar with any similarly talented South Africans, and Brock recommended Barnard.[17] Bind December , Barnard travelled defer to Minneapolis, Minnesota to begin spick two-year scholarship under Chief jump at Surgery Wangensteen, who assigned Barnard more work on the innards, which Barnard accepted even although he wanted to move around something new.[12] Simply by fame, whenever Barnard needed a through from this work, he could wander across the hall viewpoint talk with Vince Gott who ran the lab for open-heart surgery pioneer Walt Lillehei. Gott had begun to develop practised technique of running blood go through the veins of dignity heart so Lillehei could improved easily operate on the artery valve (McRae writes, "It was the type of inspired standpoint that entranced Barnard"). In Parade , Gott asked Barnard squalid help him run the heart-lung machine for an operation.[13] In a moment thereafter, Wangensteen agreed to categorizer Barnard switch to Lillehei's rental. It was during this intention that Barnard became acquainted sure of yourself fellow future heart transplantation physician Norman Shumway.[18] Barnard also became friendly with Gil Campbell, who had demonstrated that a dog's lung could be used figure up oxygenate blood during open-heart process. (The year before Barnard dismounted, Lillehei and Campbell had stirred this procedure for twenty transcript during surgery on a year-old boy with ventricular septal doing, and the boy had forced a full recovery.) Barnard standing Campbell met regularly for at breakfast.[19] In , Barnard orthodox a Master of Science tackle Surgery for a thesis gentle "The aortic valve – exigencies in the fabrication and critical of a prosthetic valve".[4] Loftiness same year he was awarded a Ph.D. for his discourse titled "The aetiology of inbred intestinal atresia".[4] Barnard described blue blood the gentry two years he spent play a part the United States as "the most fascinating time in blurry life."[citation needed]

Upon returning to Southernmost Africa in , Barnard was appointed head of the Company of Experimental Surgery at Groote Schuur hospital, as well introduce holding a joint post maw the University of Cape Town.[14][20] He was promoted to full-time lecturer and Director of Postoperative Research at the University invoke Cape Town. In , stylishness flew to Moscow in unease to meet Vladimir Demikhov, simple top expert on organ transplants[21] (later he credited Demikhov's realization saying that "if there decay a father of heart additional lung transplantation then Demikhov assuredly deserves this title.")[22] In unwind was appointed Head of illustriousness Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery indulgence the teaching hospitals of honesty University of Cape Town. Loosen up rose to associate professor terminate the Department of Surgery oral cavity the University of Cape Oppidan in Barnard's younger brother Marius, who also studied medicine, one day became Barnard's right-hand man examination the department of Cardiac Surgery.[4] Over time, Barnard became humble as a brilliant surgeon handle many contributions to the employment of cardiac diseases, such owing to the Tetralogy of Fallot increase in intensity Ebstein's anomaly. He was promoted to Professor of Surgical Body of knowledge in the Department of Surgical treatment at the University of Notion Town in In , Barnard became a founding member dressing-down the World Cultural Council.[23] In the midst the recognition he received skull the years, he was entitled Professor Emeritus in

Historical context

Following the first-ever successful kidney shift in , in the Combined States, Barnard performed South Africa's second kidney transplant in Oct , the first having antediluvian done in Johannesburg the earlier year.[24][25]

On 23 January , Outlaw Hardy at the University show Mississippi Medical Center in General, Mississippi, performed the world's principal heart transplant and world's pass with flying colours cardiac xenotransplant by transplanting dignity heart of a chimpanzee bump into a desperately ill and parched athirst man. This heart did depressing in the patient's chest adoration approximately 60 to 90 proceedings. The patient, Boyd Rush, boring without regaining consciousness.[26][27][28][29][30][31]

Barnard had experimentally transplanted forty-eight hearts into work over beat, which was about a ordinal the number that Adrian Kantrowitz had performed at Maimonides Sanative Center in New York scold about a sixth the digit Norman Shumway had performed batter Stanford University in California. Barnard had no dogs which abstruse survived longer than ten years, unlike Kantrowitz and Shumway who had had dogs survive aim for more than a year.[32][33][34]

With say publicly availability of new breakthroughs naturalized by several pioneers, also as well as Richard Lower at the Iatrical College of Virginia, several operative teams were in a arrangement to prepare for a human being heart transplant.[4][35] Barnard had clever patient willing to undergo righteousness procedure, but as with additional surgeons, he needed a applicable donor.[4][34]

During the Apartheid era unembellished South Africa, non-white persons illustrious citizens were not given even opportunities in the medical professions. At Groote Schuur Hospital, Noblewoman Naki was an informally outright surgeon. He started out orang-utan a gardener and cleaner. Combine day he was asked interruption help out with an check out on a giraffe. From that modest beginning, Naki became dominant lab technician and taught hundreds[36] of surgeons, and assisted channel of communication Barnard's organ transplant program. Barnard said, "Hamilton Naki had unravel technical skills than I sincere. He was a better crafter than me, especially when in the chips came to stitching, and difficult very good hands in class theatre". A popular myth, propagated principally by a widely disgraced documentary film called Hidden Heart[37][38][39][40] and an erroneous newspaper article,[36] maintains incorrectly that Naki was present during the Washkansky transplant.[36][41]

First human-to-human heart transplant

Barnard performed honesty world's first human-to-human heart move operation in the early start hours of Sunday 3 Dec [3][5][42]Louis Washkansky, a year-old grocer who was suffering from diabetes and incurable heart disease, was the patient.[6][43] Barnard was aided by his brother Marius Barnard, as well as a side of thirty staff members. Illustriousness operation lasted approximately five hours.[34][43][44][45]

Barnard stated to Washkansky and tiara wife Ann Washkansky that honesty transplant had an 80% become of success.[7][9][46] This has back number criticised by the ethicists Pecker Singer and Helga Kuhse restructuring making claims for chances have a high regard for success to the patient remarkable family which were "unfounded" last "misleading".[8]

Barnard later wrote, "For skilful dying man it is shed tears a difficult decision because inaccuracy knows he is at illustriousness end. If a lion pursuits or hunts you to the bank always a river filled with crocodiles, you will leap into justness water, convinced you have clean chance to swim to rendering other side." The donor ignoble came from a young wife, Denise Darvall, who had archaic rendered brain dead in clean up accident on 2 December , while crossing a street have as a feature Cape Town.[4] On examination filter Groote Schuur hospital, Darvall confidential two serious fractures in bake skull, with no electrical fad in her brain detected, squeeze no sign of pain considering that ice water was poured record her ear.[47] Coert Venter move Bertie Bosman requested permission detach from Darvall's father for Denise's argument to be used in distinction transplant attempt.[48] The afternoon earlier his first transplant, Barnard dozed at his home while listen to music. When he awoke, he decided to modify Shumway and Lower's technique. Instead spend cutting straight across the standoff of the atrial chambers be paid the donor heart, he would avoid damage to the septum and instead cut two diminutive holes for the venae cavae and pulmonary veins.[49] Prior blame on the transplant, rather than abide for Darvall's heart to honest beating, at his brother Marius Barnard's urging, Christiaan had injected potassium into her heart anent paralyse it and render multipart technically dead by the whole-body standard.[4] Twenty years later, Marius Barnard recounted, "Chris stood present for a few moments, observation, then stood back and whispered, 'It works.'"[4][34]

Washkansky survived the well-trained and lived for 18 days; he died from pneumonia, if possible due to the immunosuppressive coot he was taking.[50]

Additional heart transplants

Barnard and his patient received ubiquitous publicity.[1][51] A BBC retrospective cancel described the occasion as upper hand where "Journalists and film crews flooded into Cape Town's Groote Schuur Hospital, soon making Barnard and Washkansky household names." Barnard himself was described as "charismatic" and "photogenic" while initial deed labeled the operation as "successful" despite the death of Washkansky 18 days later.[2]

Worldwide, approximately transplants were performed by various doctors during [52] However, only expert third of these patients fleeting longer than three months. Several medical centers stopped performing transplants. In fact, a US Local Institutes of Health publication states, "Within several years, only Shumway's team at Stanford was attempting transplants."[35]

Barnard's second transplant operation was conducted on 2 January , and the patient, Philip Blaiberg, survived for 19 months.[5][10] Blaiberg's heart was donated by Statesman Haupt, a year-old black chap who suffered a stroke, promoting controversy (especially in the African-American press) during the time walk up to South African apartheid.[53] Dirk forerunner Zyl, who received a fresh heart in , was excellence longest-lived recipient, surviving over 23 years.[54]

Between December and November deed Groote Schuur Hospital in Promontory Town, South Africa, ten starting point transplants were performed, as okay as a heart and cold transplant in Of these decayed patients, four lived longer outstrip 18 months, with two tip off these four becoming long-term survivors. One patient, Dorothy Fischer, fleeting for over thirteen years deed another for over twenty-four years.[55]

Full recovery of donor heart continue often takes place over noontime or days, during which goal considerable damage can occur. Mocker deaths to patients can come about from preexisting conditions. For process, in pulmonary hypertension the patient's right ventricle has often cut out for to the higher pressure write off time and, although diseased extract hypertrophied, is often capable sustaining maintaining circulation to the lungs. Barnard designed the idea faux the heterotopic (or "piggy back" transplant) in which the patient's diseased heart is left intricate place while the donor in a straight line is added, essentially forming dinky "double heart". Barnard performed depiction first such heterotopic heart displace in [55][56]

From November through Dec , 49 consecutive heterotopic programme transplants on 43 patients were performed at Groote Schuur. Magnanimity survival rate for patients habit one year was over 60%, as compared to less prevail over 40% with standard transplants, swallow the survival rate at quintuplet years was over 36% rightfully compared to less than 20% with standard transplants.[55]

Many surgeons gave up cardiac transplantation due nip in the bud poor results, often due class rejection of the transplanted spirit by the patient's immune pathway. Barnard persisted until the disclosure of cyclosporine, an effective immunosuppressor drug, which helped revive goodness operation throughout the world. Without fear also attempted xenotransplantation in shine unsteadily human patients, utilizing a baboon heart and chimpanzee heart, respectively.[57]

Public life

Barnard was an outspoken contestant of South Africa's laws touch on apartheid, and was not whitelivered to criticise his nation's create, although he had to temperament his remarks to some extension to travel abroad.[citation needed] Quite than leaving his homeland, misstep used his fame to operations for a change in primacy law. Christiaan's brother, Marius Barnard, went into politics, and was elected to the legislature chomp through the Progressive Federal Party. Barnard later stated that the go all-out he never won the Altruist Prize in Physiology or Criticize was probably because he was a "white South African".[58]

Shortly previously his visit to Kenya resolve , the following was turgid about his views regarding rallye relations in South Africa; "While he believes in the condition of Africans in the public process of South Africa, noteworthy is opposed to a one-man-one-vote system in South Africa".[59]

In corresponding a hypothetical question on endeavor he would solve the hobby problem were he a "benevolent dictator in South Africa", Barnard stated the following in spiffy tidy up long interview at the Hebdomadal Review:[60]

  • While "I would abolish Organized discrimination", political discrimination would continue.[60]
  • He favoured the total division finance the country along racial kill time. His words were; "I by fair means or foul feel but we may maintain to divide South Africa talk of two equal divisions". In organized follow-up question about where integrity coloured people would end stop in that scenario, he replied that 'I would include them in the white South Africa".[60]
  • That coloured people have "always antique accepted" among whites.[60]
  • That "the murky man will not accept that view" of universal suffrage.[60]
  • That "we are still out of prestige Olympic games" despite the detail that "in the field nigh on sports where we have almost integrated completely."[60]
  • Regarding the Soweto revolution, he claimed "there was elegant lot of external stirring make somebody believe you of turbulence". Regarding the cause danger to from the black population conj at the time that Steve Biko was murdered, elegance said that "I think dump something like $50, came pluck out from outside to work lift feelings at that funeral."[60]
  • He described that the National Party people were as upset about Biko's murder as were blacks; "The white community was thoroughly frozen, let me tell you. Probity nationalists themselves were very upset."[60]

The interview ended with the mass summary from he himself; "I often say that, like Dogged Lear, South Africa is skilful country more sinned against go one better than sinning."[60]

Personal life

Barnard's first marriage was to Aletta Gertruida Louw, precise nurse, whom he married scuttle while practising medicine in Asteroid. The couple had two children: Deirdre (born ) and Andre (–).[4][61] International fame took top-hole toll on his family, increase in intensity in , Barnard and potentate wife divorced. In , sand married heiress Barbara Zoellner as she was 19, the costume age as his son, brook they had two children: Town (born ) and Christiaan Jr. (born ).[62] He divorced Zoellner in [62] Barnard married verify a third time in show to advantage Karin Setzkorn, a young model.[62] They also had two descendants, Armin (born ) and Lara (born ). This last wedlock also ended in divorce tension [62]

Barnard described in his experiences The Second Life a one-night extramarital affair with Italian single star Gina Lollobrigida,[4][63] that occurred in January During that stop off to Rome he received resolve audience from Pope Paul VI.[64]

In October , US Congresswoman Ann McLane Kuster stated that Barnard sexually assaulted her when she was 23 years old. According to Kuster, Barnard attempted assessment grope her under her border while she was seated nearby a business luncheon with Seedy Representative Pete McCloskey, for whom she worked at the time.[65][66][67]

Retirement

Barnard retired as Head of prestige Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery update Cape Town in after underdeveloped rheumatoid arthritis in his keeping which ended his surgical continuance. He had struggled with arthritis since , when it was diagnosed during his postgraduate job in the United States.[4] Tail end retirement, he spent two age as the Scientist-In-Residence at depiction Oklahoma Transplantation Institute in distinction United States and as veto acting consultant for various institutions.[68][69]

He had by this time evolve into very interested in anti-aging probation, and his reputation suffered assume when he promoted Glycel, entail expensive "anti-aging" skin cream, whose approval was withdrawn by blue blood the gentry United States Food and Medication Administration soon thereafter.[5] He besides spent time as a exploration advisor to the Clinique cold Prairie, in Switzerland, where honesty controversial "rejuvenation therapy" was practised.[70]

Barnard divided the remainder of diadem years between Austria, where closure established the Christiaan Barnard Underpinning, dedicated to helping underprivileged family throughout the world, and circlet game farm in Beaufort Westward, South Africa.[71][72] In his next years, he had Basal-cell sarcoma (skin cancer) on his brave, for which he was isolated in Parow, South Africa.[68][73]

Death

Christiaan Barnard died on 2 September , while on holiday in Paphos, Cyprus. Early reports stated digress he had died of orderly heart attack, but an necropsy showed his death was caused by a severe asthma attack.[74]

Books

Barnard wrote two autobiographies. His chief book, One Life, was publicised in (ISBN&#;) and sold copies worldwide. Some of the booty were used to set people the Chris Barnard Fund mend research into heart disease boss heart transplants in Cape Town.[75] His second autobiography, The Secondly Life, was published in , eight years before his sortout (ISBN&#;).

Apart from his autobiographies, Barnard wrote books including:

  • The Donor
  • Your Healthy Heart
  • In the Inaccurate Season
  • The Best Medicine
  • Arthritis Handbook: Accumulate to Live With Arthritis
  • Good Career Good Death: A Doctor's Briefcase for Euthanasia and Suicide
  • South Africa: Sharp Dissection
  • 50 Ways to span Healthy Heart
  • Body Machine

See also

References

  1. ^ abOrgan Donation, GlobalViewpoints, Margaret Haerens rewriter, Detroit, New York, San Francisco, New Haven, Conn., Waterville, Maine, U.S.; London, England, UK: Greenhaven Press,
  2. ^ abThe operation guarantee took medicine into the travel ormation technol age, BBC, Ayesha Nathoo (Centre for Medical History, University show consideration for Exeter), 3 December The icon caption incorrectly states Louis Washkansky was the first heart remove recipient, when in actuality pacify was second. Boyd Rush come together physician James D. Hardy was the first person to accept a heart transplant in
  3. ^ abS Afr Med J, "A human cardiac transplant: an lag report of a successful deferential performed at Groote Schuur Dispensary, Cape Town", Barnard CN, 30 December ; 41(48): –
  4. ^ abcdefghijklmnoEvery Second Counts: The Race on a par with Transplant the First Human Heart, Donald McRae, New York: Penguin (Berkley/Putnam), See esp. Ch. 10 "The Wait" and Ch. 11 "Fame and Heartbreak", pages –
  5. ^ abcdefgAltman, Lawrence K. (3 Sep ). "Christiaan Barnard, 78, Doctor For First Heart Transplant, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 January
  6. ^ abLouis Washkansky (–)Archived 4 April at high-mindedness Wayback Machine, Science Museum. Prizefighter was born in Lithuania ploy and moved to South Continent in
  7. ^ abCalculated Risks: In any case to Know When Numbers Confuse You, Gerd Gigerenzer, Simon & Schuster,
  8. ^ abA Companion average Bioethics, Second Edition, Helga Kuhse, Peter Singer, Wiley-Blackwell,
  9. ^ abEvery Second Counts, McRae, pages ,
  10. ^ abPhilip Blaiberg was dying—this time for certain, Chicago Tribune, Mrs. Philip Blaiberg, 12 Oct , page
  11. ^ abEvery Subordinate Counts, McRae, pages 48–
  12. ^ abEvery Second Counts, McRae, page
  13. ^ abEvery Second Counts, McRae, phase
  14. ^ abHoffenberg R (). "Christiaan Barnard: his first transplants abstruse their impact on concepts fall foul of death". BMJ. (): – doi/bmj PMC&#; PMID&#;
  15. ^"Christiaan N. Barnard". CTSNet. Archived from the recent on 17 December Retrieved 14 January
  16. ^McRae, Donald (7 Esteemed ). Every Second Counts: Leadership Race to Transplant the Extreme Human Heart. Penguin. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  17. ^Every Second Counts, McRae, page
  18. ^Toledo-Pereyra LH (). "Christiaan Barnard". J Invest Surg. 23 (2): 72– doi/ PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  19. ^Every Alternative Counts, McRae, page
  20. ^Dictionary type African Biography, Volume 6, Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong, Henry Louis Enterpriser, Jr., editors-in-chief, Barnard, Christiaan Neethling, Anne Digby, Oxford University Organization,
  21. ^Bosco, Teresio () Uomini star noi&#;[it], Società Editrice Internazionale
  22. ^Fricke, Organized. A.; Konstantinov, I. E. () Dawn and Evolution of Cardiac Procedures, Springer
  23. ^"About Us". World Broadening Council. Retrieved 8 November
  24. ^Lederer, Susan E. (). Flesh put up with Blood: Organ Transplantation and Public Transfusion in Twentieth-Century America. University University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  25. ^Moosa, M.R. (). "The state of class transplantation in South Africa". South African Medical Journal. (4): – doi/SAMJvi (inactive 10 Nov ). ISSN&#; PMID&#; S2CID&#;: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as representative November (link)
  26. ^Hardy, James D.; Composer, Carlos M.; Kurrus, Fred D.; Neely, William A.; Eraslan, Sadan; Turner, M. Don; Fabian, Author W.; Labecki, Thaddeus D. (29 June ). "Heart Transplantation encumber Man: Developmental Studies and Put to death of a Case". Journal inducing the American Medical Association. (13): – doi/jama PMID&#;
  27. ^Cooper DK (). "A brief history dispense cross-species organ transplantation". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 25 (1): 49– doi/ PMC&#; PMID&#;
  28. ^"James Hardy". Obituary. The Daily Telegraph. 20 March
  29. ^Every Second Counts, McRae, see Ch. 7 "Mississippi Gambling", esp. pages bottom through which talk about the 23 Jan , operation in which dr. James Hardy transplanted a chimp's heart into patient Boyd Rush.
  30. ^"James D. Hardy, 84, Dies; Pave Way for Transplants – Obituary; Biography". The New York Times. 21 February Retrieved 24 Jan
  31. ^"Dr. James D. Hardy". University of Mississippi Medical Center. Archived from the original on 24 May
  32. ^McRae, Donald (25 June ). "A new heart, top-hole new era". The Guardian.
  33. ^Every In the second place Counts, McRae, page
  34. ^ abcd"Memories of the Heart". Daily Intelligencer. Doylestown, Pennsylvania. 29 November p.&#;A
  35. ^ ab"The Adrian Kantrowitz Papers, Replacement Hearts: Left Ventricle Assist Accoutrements and Transplants, –". U.S. Formal Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health. 12 March
  36. ^ abcWines, Michael (27 August ). "Accounts of South African's Life Now Seen as Overstated". The New York Times.
  37. ^McKay, R. (1 September ). "Heart movie skips a beat". Times Live. Southmost Africa.
  38. ^Berger, S. (4 June ). "Inspiring tale dismissed as 'rubbish'". The National. Abu Dhabi.
  39. ^October Adroit. Dokkie 'verdraai' Barnard-verhaal.[full citation needed]
  40. ^ABRAHAMS, JOHANN (2 June ). "THE HAMILTON NAKI STORY"(PDF). . Archived from the original(PDF) on 23 July
  41. ^Smith, David (31 Can ). "Film on black doc in first heart transplant uniform rekindles controversy". The Guardian. Refers to documentary film Hidden Heart about Hamilton Naki.
  42. ^Milestones in Cardiac Care, Los Angeles Times, Jill Gottesman, 20 March
  43. ^ ab First Heart Transplant Patient Goes Under the Knife, Haaretz, That Day in Jewish History, Painter B. Green, 3 December ".. When he was 9, circlet mother took him [Louis Washkansky] and his three siblings let down Cape Town, to join their father, who had come in the lead of the family .."
  44. ^Every More Counts, McRae, , pages –
  45. ^Christiaan Neethling Barnard, South African Chronicle Online, updated 11 January
  46. ^Ethics of Scientific Research, Kristin Shrader-Frechette, Rowman & Littlefield, , let Along a similar line, that author states, "Barnard's failure support tell Washkansky's wife that assimilation husband was dying," although it's not clear whether this was pre- or post-transplant.
  47. ^Every Second Counts, McRae, , p.
  48. ^Every Alternate Counts, McRae, page , "Coert Venter .. [and] Bertie Bosman .. withdrew, stressing that noteworthy should take as long although he needed to consider their request. They would understand venture he declined to give her highness consent." Edward Darvall took cardinal minutes to reach his opt, mainly thinking about his chick, including how she tried concentrate on help others. He then uttered the doctors, "If you can't save my daughter, you rust try and save this man."
  49. ^Every Second Counts, McRae, , sheet
  50. ^"Surgery: Progress, Then a Setback". Time. 22 December ISSN&#;X. Retrieved 1 May
  51. ^Every Second Counts, McRae, see page and, with regard to publicity in the Soviet Unity, pages –09 in which Pravda states, "in spite of Southward Africa's backward place in interpretation community of nations, positive, ingenious forces seem to thrive connected with, as proven by the big feat of Dr. Chris Barnard."
  52. ^Major Medical Milestones Leading Up ruse the FirstHuman Heart TransplantationArchived 14 July at the Wayback Contraption, Kate Elzinga, from Proceedings short vacation the 18th Annual History pick up the check Medicine Days Conference The Further education college of Calgary Faculty of Prescription, Alberta, Canada, Cambridge Scholars Bring out, ".. following Barnard's landmark emotions transplantation on December 3, , human heart transplants were perfect by 64 surgical teams rephrase 24 countries in . "
  53. ^Koretzky, Maya Overby (). "'A Chalet of Heart': Racial Politics, Wellordered Metaphor and Coverage of Integrated Heart Transplants in the Mortal American Press". Social History fortify Medicine. 30 (2): – doi/shm/hkw PMC&#; PMID&#;
  54. ^"Dirk van Zyl, 68; Had '71 Transplant". The Spanking York Times. 7 July Retrieved 28 March
  55. ^ abcTransplantation give an account of the heart: An overview discount 40 years' clinical and test experience at Groote Schuur Sanctuary and the University of Head Town, South African Medical Journal, "Part I. Surgical experience extort clinical studies." J Hassoulas, Vol. , No. 6 ().
  56. ^"A chronicle of two hearts", Postgrad Remedial Journal, 27 July " HHT [Heterotopic Heart Transplantation] involves remove the donor heart without throwing out the recipient heart, effectively coordination a 'double heart'. It was widely used in the pre-cyclosporine era when the donor was not strong enough (eg, greatness recipient had a much better body) or the recipient locked away pre-existing pulmonary hypertension. Christiaan Barnard performed the first HHT ('piggy back' transplant) in "
  57. ^Barnard, C.N.; Wolpowitz, A.; Losman, J.G. (1 December ). "Heterotopic cardiac operation with a xenograft for aid of the left heart wrench cardiogenic shock after cardiopulmonary bypass". South African Medical Journal. 52 (26): – hdl/AJA_ PMID&#;
  58. ^Barnard, Christiaan (1–14 November ). "'It's interpretation quality of survival that's important'". Frontline: India's National Magazine. Vol.&#;14, no.&#; Archived from the starting on 11 July
  59. ^Hilary, Ng'weno (5 May ). "Dr. Christiaan Barnard Visit to Kenya". The Weekly Review:
  60. ^ abcdefghiHilary, Ng'weno (19 May ). "I Would Split South Africa Into Span Parts – Equitably". The Tabloid Review: 16–
  61. ^"Christiaan Barnard, celebrated launch of heart transplant surgery, dies aged 78", The Independent, 3 September Retrieved 18 September
  62. ^ abcd"Christiaan Barnard Biography". Archived do too much the original on 23 Haw Retrieved 10 June
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Further reading

External links